Incarceration for Reformation or Deformation?

The reason for imposing incarceration is to punish offenders for violating societal norms and values. As a means of punishment, it is deliberately inflicted on an offender, which serves as a deterrence to would-be offenders. This could help in inculcating good morals on offenders, thereby altering him or her from a nonconforming individual to a conforming one. Despite the good intention of imposing incarceration, it has contradicted its cardinal objective which has resulted in some unintended consequences such as inability to secure employment as a result of stigmatization, aiding the collapse of marriages among others. With the above-stated consequences of incarceration, penal institutions instead of instilling the positive goal of incarceration on inmates, on the contrary, it has served as a punishment ground with degrading treatment imposed on inmates by correctional officials coupled with the dehumanizing state of most penal institutions. This article concludes that incarceration has a long term effect on the positive life of offenders and recommends that concerted efforts should be made in reintegrating ex-offenders, discouraging the idea of tagging, and make ample efforts on how ex-offenders can secure payable jobs upon regaining freedom.

Introduction

This authoritative volume brings together the latest thinking on women’s leadership in early Christianity. Featuring contributions from key thinkers in the fields of Christian history, the volume considers the evidence for ways in which women exercised leadership in churches from the first to the ninth centuries CE. This rich and diverse collection breaks new ground in the study of women in early Christianity. This is not about working with one method, based on one type of feminist theory, but overall there is nevertheless a feminist or egalitarian agenda in considering the full equality of women with men in religious spheres a positive goal, with the assumption that this full equality has yet to be attained. The chapters revisit both older studies and offer new and unpublished research, exploring the many ways in which ancient Christian women’s leadership could function.

Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity

This authoritative volume brings together the latest thinking on women’s leadership in early Christianity. Featuring contributors from key scholars in the fields of Christian history, the volume considers the evidence for ways in which women exercised leadership in churches from the first to the ninth centuries CE. This rich and diverse collection breaks new ground in the study of women in early Christianity. This is not about working with one method, based on one type of feminist theory, but overall there is nevertheless a feminist or egalitarian agenda in considering the full equality of women with men in religious spheres a positive goal, with the assumption that this full equality has yet to be attained. The chapters revisit both older studies and offer new and unpublished research, exploring the many ways in which ancient Christian women’s leadership could function.

SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AND FLOURISHING AT WORK: THE IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL FULFILMENT

ABSTRACT Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact professional fulfilment has on aspects of positive psychology, such as subjective well-being and flourishing at work. Originality/value: We analyse whether professional fulfilment, as a career aspect, influences only work factors, such as flourishing, or if it also contributes to subjective well-being in life. Additionally, few studies have focused on professional fulfilment because of its novelty. Therefore, this study contributes to advancing a new concept, as well as to the development of new models and theories in positive psychology. Design/methodology/approach: This is a quantitative, survey-type research study involving 358 participants who have a wide variety of jobs and professions. The questionnaire presented subjective well-being, flourishing at work and professional fulfilment scales, as well as socio-demographic questions. Data were analysed using bivariate correlations and multiple regression analysis. Findings: Results indicated that professional fulfilment predicts higher subjective well-being and flourishing at work. Therefore, the more people perceive they have achieved what they value in their career and demonstrate positive goal progress, the more they experience well-being in life in general and the more they flourish at work. There are major positive relationships between career goals, well-being and flourishing at work, which is consistent with previous studies. Future studies could analyse under which specific contextual conditions the pursuit of career goals has a higher or lower impact on subjective well-being and flourishing.

A Qualitative Examination of Relatedness Needs in Japanese EFL Classrooms and Task Motivation

The aims of this paper are to (a) examine the relatedness needs of Japanese university EFL learners, and (b) make suggestions on how instructors could organize group work in their classes. Self-determination theory postulates that, the more individuals’ relatedness needs are fulfilled, the more they are intrinsically motivated. However, some Japanese EFL motivation studies show mixed results regarding the causality. In this study, 24 Japanese university students participated in an interview. They were asked if their relationship with their classmates would influence their motivation to engage in tasks in an EFL classroom. The results indicated that, (1) when learners have not become well acquainted with their classmates in or out of class, becoming connected with them may enhance their motivation; conversely, when learners have already built good relationships with their classmates out of class, it may have different impacts on their in-class motivation, depending on the characteristic of the relationship; (2) learner motivation may improve when a given task that entails collective responsibility with other classmates; and (3) already motivated learners may prioritize competence and/or autonomy needs over relatedness needs. The author suggests that instructors assess classmates’ relationships and alter the ways they form groups and enhance positive goal interdependence among group members.

Investing and Intentions in Financial Markets

Ethical investors are widely thought of two have two main goals. The negative goal of avoiding their investments to be morally tainted. The positive goal to further a certain ethical value they embrace or some normatively laden idea they hold by investing their money in a certain company. In light of these goals, the purpose of this essay is to provide an account of how we can explicitly include investors’ intentions when conceiving of ethical investment. The central idea is that an investor’s intentions may act as both a negative and a positive qualifier for making investing ethical. If we subscribe to this account, there are interesting upshots with respect to how ethical investing compares to ethical giving as effective altruists construe it.

The Effect of Physical Quality Improvement to Inhabitant’s Sense of Place

Sense of place is closely related to the level of community participation and sustainability development. In this paper, the context of environment is tourism kampung. Tourism kampung has a dynamic activities and cultural values both tangible and intangible. The development of tourism kampung has a positive goal to improve inhabitant’s socio-economic welfare. But, there was a change in kampung’s function, activity and meaning from a closed settlement system with low social accessibility to a tourism kampung. This change can also affect the people’s sense of place. Research method used in this study is mixed method, which combines quantitative and qualitative research. Data collection techniques were obtained from questionnaires, field observations, and in depth interviews. The result shows that physical improvement has a positive effect in escalating the level of inhabitant’s sense of place. The finding will be important to the development of the sense of place’s theory and sustainable development.

Penerapan Kampanye Sosial dalam Desain Komunikasi Visual

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em>Communication is the key to a comprehensive effort to form a positive goal. Planned communication creates certain effects on a large number of audiences that are carried out sustainably over a period of time. Campaigns often use the media as a message sending channel that has been well organized to target targets as planned. The campaign which currently has a high existence is a campaign oriented social mission as a series of planned non-commercial communication processes that contain messages about social problems that occur in the community. In the design process, there are data collection methods and data analysis methods before executing execution. The data collected is in the form of facts, daily targets, and casual diction so that the data can be a creative media that fits the characteristics of the target audience. The author takes the topic The Role of Social Campaign Media With Visual Communication Design due to the author's interest in delivering messages that are made creative and interactive by a visual communication design to be able to make other individuals change their minds.</em> <em>Analysis of this work contains observations related to design elements, campaign media and campaign communication processes designed. The 16 Days Campaign Against Violence Against Communities relies on print ads and interactive ambient ads as an effort to raise awareness of target targets to combat related cases.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords : </em></strong><em>Communication, Design, </em><em>Campaign, Woman</em></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><em>Komunikasi menjadi kunci dari sebuah usaha komperhensif dalam membentuk suatu tujuan yang positif. Komunikasi secara terencana </em><em>menciptakan efek tertentu pada sejumlah besar khalayak yang dilakukan secara berkelanjutan pada kurun waktu tertentu</em><em> . </em><em>Kampanye kerap menggunakan media sebagai saluran pengirim pesan yang telah ditata dengan baik kepada target sasaran sesuai yang telah direncanakan. Kampanye yang saat ini memiliki eksistensi yang tinggi adalah kampanye misi sosial yang berorientasi sebagai serangkaian proses komunikasi terencana bersifat non-komersil yang berisi pesan tentang masalah sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat</em><em>. </em><em>Dalam proses perancangan, terdapat metode pengumpulan data dan metode analisis data sebelum melakukan pengerjaan eksekusi. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa fakta kasus, keseharian target sasaran, serta diksi yang kasual sehingga data tersebut dapat menjadi media kreatif yang sesuai dengan karakteristik target sasaran. Adapun penulis mengambil topik Peranan Media Kampanye Sosial Dengan Desain Komunikasi Visual dikarenakan ketertarikan penulis terhadap penyampaian pesan yang dibuat kreatif dan interaktif oleh seorang desain komunikasi visual hingga mampu membuat individu yang lain berubah pikiran.</em> <em>Analisis karya ini berisikan pengamatan terkait elemen desain, media kampanye dan proses komunikasi kampanye yang dirancang. Kampanye 16 Hari Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Masyarakat mengandalkan print ads dan ambient ads yang interaktif sebagai upaya mengugah kesadaran target sasaran untuk memerangi kasus terkait.</em></p><strong><em>Kata kunci : </em></strong><em>Komunikasi, Desain, Kampanye, Perempuan</em>

Self-regulatory consequences of observing others making goal progress: A longitudinal field study in weight loss groups

Objective. What happens when people see others making progress toward a goal that they also hold? Is it motivating or could it undermine goal pursuit because people feel that they have made progress themselves (i.e., they experience vicarious goal satiation)? Methods. We investigated these questions in a longitudinal field context – a group weight loss programme. N = 132 participants who were overweight or obese and attended weekly weight loss classes completed questionnaires over 11 weeks to investigate the consequences of observing other people making progress toward their goal of losing weight. Results. Observing others making good progress was associated with participants holding stronger intentions to lose weight themselves (B = 0.04, p = .012), positive goal-related affect (B = 0.27, p = .017), and feeling that they were also making progress themselves (B = 0.22, p &lt; .001). However, observing others making good progress was also associated with losing a smaller amount of weight over the following week (B = .13, p = .005). Mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect of observing others making good progress, via feelings about their own progress, on changes in weight, B = .02, 95% CI [.00, .04].Conclusions. People who view others making progress tend to be less successful at losing weight themselves over the following week. The findings suggest that this is, in part, explained by the person feeling as if they have made progress themselves; thereby providing the first demonstration of vicarious goal satiation in a field context.

Ritualized Objects: How We Perceive and Respond to Causally Opaque and Goal Demoted Action

Rituals are able to transform ordinary objects into extraordinary objects. And while rituals typically do not cause physical changes, they may imbue objects with a particular specialness – a simple gold band may become a wedding ring, while an ordinary dessert may become a birthday cake. To treat such objects as if they were ordinary then becomes inappropriate. How does this transformation take place in the minds of observers, and how do we recognize it when we see it? Here, we suggest that two under-examined elements of ritual need deeper consideration within the context of ritual cognition. We propose a fully integrated operational definition in which these two critical ritual elements – causal opacity and goal demotion – are included. In a pre-registered experiment one-hundred and one adults, in a 2 × 2 mixed-within participants design observed actions performed upon profane objects. These actions were either ordinary (causally transparent and goal apparent) or ritualized (causally opaque and goal demoted), and were described as a blessing, a curse, or were not described at all. Contrary to established findings and pre-registered predictions, we found that ritualized actions alone are not enough to influence perceptions of, and attributions towards, objects, and that positive goal information (blessings) are more behaviorally persuasive than negative information. However, we found that participants recalled ritualized action in greater detail and with more specificity than ordinary actions. In effect, we demonstrate that causal opacity and goal information interact to allow us to recognize a ritual as a ritual.