Prevalence of Gastro- intestinal Parasites of Sheep slaugtered at Keffi Abattoir, Nasarawa Sate, Nigeria.

This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep slaughtered in Keffi main abattoir conducted from June to July 2019. One hundred and fifty (150) fecal samples comprising of 60 Yankasa, 18 West African dwarf (WAD), 33 Balami and 39 Uda breed were collected from the abattoir. The samples were taken to the Laboratory to examine the intestinal helminthes eggs and protozoan oocysts using sodium chloride floatation and sedimentation techniques. Out of 150 samples examined, 84(56.0%) had gastrointestinal parasites. The Yankasa breed had the highest prevalence of 32(38.1%), while the WAD breed had the lowest prevalence of 12(14.3%). Female had the highest prevalence of 54(64.3) than male which have 30(35.7%). Young sheep had the highest prevalence of 52(61.9%) than adults which had prevalence of 32(38.1%) respectively. The gastrointestinal parasites encountered were Strongyles edentates sp., Coccidian spp., Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongyles spp and Fasciola spp. Trichostrongyles spp., had the highest prevalence of 23(27.3%) while coccidian had the lowest prevalence of 4(4.7%). Chi-square statistical analysis revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) among the breed, age, and sex of the sheep. The result of the study shows that high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among the sheep breed, therefore with good management practice, prompt diagnosis, treatment with antihelminthes drugs and mass education of farmers on the importance of hygiene and sanitation will reduce the risk of the disease and increase productivity.

Critical Success Factors for Effective Internal Auditing: A Case of the Office of Auditor General

The main aim of this study was to investigate on the critical success factors for effective internal auditing. Internal auditing is the backbone of internal control in an organization. Although challenges exist on internal audit in the public of sector, there are success factors for effective internal auditing. The investigation mainly focused on the case at the Office Auditor General that audits all the public sector offices in Namibia. The Management team and the internal auditors at the office were the source for the required data to the researcher questionnaires through google form. The study used empirical literature to identify the critical success factors to effective internal auditing function at the office of Auditor General. The factors were identified and categorized into models that were developed from the study. The outcomes were presented in frequency tables and charts obtained from the data analysis. The results of the study show that management support and good management practice, adequate well-trained and competent internal audit staff, functional board of directors, internal policies and control are the critical successful factors to effective internal auditing. However, management support and good management practice play a vital role among the identified factors. The study recommended that the office of the Auditor General should support internal auditing roles by facilitating the internal auditing work and recruit more skilled and qualified internal auditors to increase the effectiveness of internal auditing.

Management, productivity and firm heterogeneity in international trade

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the relevance of management and productivity in the behaviour of firms in international trade. Design/methodology/approach Using a survey of Spanish manufacturing firms, the authors use a management quality index to serve as a proxy for the good management practice of the firm. Findings The results demonstrate that exporter and multinationals firms are more productive and better managed than domestic firms. Furthermore, in the periods in which switcher firms decide to export or to invest abroad, they are better managed but are not more productive than in the rest of the periods. Finally, results indicate that regardless of its positive relationship with productivity, management also has a direct impact on the firm’s probability of exporting and involving in foreign direct investment. Originality/value This paper aims to reconcile the recent international trade literature, which focusses on the role of productivity heterogeneity in international trade, with the international business literature, concentrated on depicting the key management practices that impact internationalization.

Valuation of Weather Manifested Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh: A Way Forward

Good crop yield entirely depends on good management practice and quality management of crops allied with authentic weather forecasting can reduce risk, crop damage, cost of production and increase the yield as well. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) had aimed this study for quantifying the financial benefit of forecasting and validating micro climatological factors and their impacts on paddy production through experimentation and arranging for weather based agro meteorological advisory service delivery to the farmers applying the tools of ICT. A next-generation meso-scale numerical weather prediction system, WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model was used for generating atmospheric simulations based on real data (observations, analyses or idealized conditions). Field experiment was conducted in the areas of five different agro microclimatological conditions for Boro rice production, namely; Gazipur, Habiganj, Rajshahi, Barishal and Satkhira. Then the experimental fields were managed according to the weekly management advisory based on weather forecasts. Results obtained suggest that the application of weather predictability accrued a comparative rice yield benefit of 9-12% and a 3–5% reduction in the cost of cultivation. Countrywide application of agro-meteorological advisory service may pave the way for averting adverse climatic effects on agriculture.

SALMONELLA CONTROL IN POULTRY PRODUCTION AND RESISTANCE MONITORING IN SERBIA

A new regulation on Salmonella control in Serbia has been implemented recently. The main goal is to eliminate two most common serovars, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) from the poultry farms and to keep the infections caused by these bacteria under control. Experimental work conducted in the past decade in our Institute provided evidence that Salmonella is transmitted easily in a flock and is hard to be eliminated from the farms and hatcheries. This is in good agreement with the published research work by other authors. It is also evident that good management practice and vaccination strategy must be implemented in poultry production. Therefore a simple questionnaire for poultry producers and hatchery experts to provide a quick overview of the management practice was designed in order to find out shortcomings. Salmonella monitoring must be conducted by applying bacteriological examination while serology control is efficient more during exploitation and less during rearing. However, it was found out that bacteriology and serology can be successfully combined in order to estimate the infection status. Although regular bacteriological screening for salmonella is compulsory, some farmers in the country do not pursue this type of analysis at the recommended frequency. Subsequently, those who send the samples for bacteriological examination more often seem to have more salmonella related problems. The most frequent finding of salmonella was in the chickens that died during transportation and the first three days of life and from paper pads. Extremely rare finding of salmonella was in breeding eggs and even rarer in table eggs. If environmental samples from commercial layers are positive, serology testing is recommended. Salmonella isolated from chickens and farm premises in Serbia were susceptible to most antimicrobials tested. Multiple resistances was quite seldom but approximately 20% of the isolates were quinolone resistant. The resistance to fluoroquinolones was not detected. However, Salmonella highly resistant to nalidixic acid with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) to NAL > 512 mg/ml were less susceptible to ciprofloxacin, although MICs to CIP were still below the CLSI recommended breakpoint (R > 4 mg/ml). Similar reports were obtained in investigation of salmonella isolated from human stool and the research indicates that the most frequent serovar in the country in humans, food and poultry include Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli: diagnosis, virulence and prevention.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis within poultry flocks all around the world. There is a number of virulence mechanisms involved in the disease process in poultry and determination of some of the responsible genes is important for diagnosis of colibacillosis. In this work, research data regarding diagnostics of APEC and how certain clonal lineages could cause infection in different hosts is presented. In order to determine virulence genotype of APEC, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, based on a published sequence of seven pairs of primers (iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, iutA, elitC and cvaC), was used in our laboratory. It was established in the research of other scientists that isolates with two or more of these genes can develop pathogenic phenotype, while isolates with one or none of the genes are mostly commensal E. coli. Additionally, virulence mechanisms in APEC were also briefly described. It was emphasized that resistance genes and virulence genes are sometimes co-located on the same plasmid and that such plasmids could be shared among related or unrelated bacteria species. Since APEC often confers resistance to antibiotics, the therapy is less effective in poultry with multidrug resistant strains. It was concluded that good management practice, treatment with probiotics and/or vaccination are necessary to reduce colibacillosis outbreaks. This approach is even more pronounced since APEC resides in intestine of healthy poultry and could cause disease if poultry is exposed to various stressors.

Risk factors of postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Bangladesh

Postpartum uterine infection is extremely important in dairy cattle. It is both common and detrimental to reproductive performance. The present study was conducted to investigate the factors responsible for postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Chatmohar Upazila, Pabna District. A total of 317 cows were selected and registered and then follow up them in postpartum period. Reproductive histories and data of the studied cows were assessed by direct interviewing and from record book of the owners and nearby government veterinary hospital. Totally 33 cows were found uterine infected (10.41%) in postpartum period. The case of pyometra was substantially higher in present study in contrast to others. The incidence of uterine infection puerperal metritis, pyometra and endometritis were 1.89%, 5.99% and 2.52% respectively. Dairy cattle calving season and parity reflected greatly on the incidence of uterine infection. Potentially significant (p<0.05) and higher incidence of uterine infection were associated with poor management system where minimum complications were found with good management practice (3.20%) compared to poor management farms. The dairy cows suffering from endometritis significantly showed prolonged days to first estrus interval, days open and number of services per conception and calving interval values (68.5±0.05 days; 115.4±0.4 days , 4.75±0.50, and 398±6 respectively) than normal healthy cows. Further researches in the near future must be directed for prevention of uterine infection, as most of effective treatments don’t prevent the negative impacts of such disease upon dairy, reproduction and culling percentage within dairy herd.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 107-111

Sustainable Development for Public Administration: Effective Management Administrative System of the 21st CenturyPublic Administration

Reinventing the government was big in the early 1980s; post media presentation that echoed how inefficient the government has been. Ever since, the government went through different reorganization processes through the application of different modern management theories, endorsed by the politicians, such as the Hawthorne theory, the Gantt Theory, Mintzberg Management Theory, Theory X and Y, and the Agency Theory – all promise efficient government. They were implemented as a trial and error – one fails try another. This management system separates the top management and bottom level management, known also as an operational management. This system was introduced in a fanfare but it represents a hollow system. Overtime, all these modern management theories, which Ghoshal argued as bad theories, have destroyed good management practice of a public institution. Its management and administrative system are broken, the institution becomes very dysfunctional, and it causes a badly divided government. This damaged system makes it easy for theft, fraud, corruption, bribery, grafts, sabotage, espionage, and all kinds of illegal practices. At the same time, the change causes the used to be a professional public institution to become an amateur corporation that is individually managed, personally ruled, and undemocratic governance.Leadership does not exist in this system, neither does the middle level management, and it also suffers from severe democratic deficits. This paper discusses the theoretical foundation of the bureaucracy and its analysis, andusing holistic and phenomenological approaches, this theory can be applied in the management administrative system of government, and this dysfunctionality and the broken system can be remedied practically.

Understanding the perspectives of health service staff on the Friends and Family Test

Objectives The present study was designed to determine what staff consider when asked to respond to the Friends and Family Test question. Methods Over 300 health service staff responded to an online questionnaire exploring whether they would recommend treatment at their organisation to friends and family (Friends and Family Test). Results Staff identified staff attitudes and behaviours, the busyness of the health service and quality of care as themes that affected their recommendation. A considerable number of staff also identified factors largely outside the control of the health service as influencing their response. Conclusions Majority of respondents based their perceptions on personal expectations, with smaller numbers citing personal experience and hearsay. Staff would need to see changes both in the quality of care and management practice to amend their recommendation on the Friends and Family Test. What is known about the topic? The Friends and Family Test is seen as a useful tool to gather the opinions of patients and staff on the patient experience, yet there has been little validation of this question. What does this paper add? The present study suggests that, as currently worded, the question does not reliably report staff perceptions regarding patient experience. The study illustrates that the relationship with the organisation and perceptions of effective management are linked to staff responses. What are the implications for practitioners? The Family and Friends Test question may need to be more clearly focused to gather the desired information. Improvement on this indicator is only likely to be seen when management teams are meeting the expectations of staff for good management practice.

Management Documentation: Indicators & Good Practice at Cultural Heritage Places

Documentation for cultural heritage places usually refers to describing the physical attributes, surrounding context, condition or environment; most of the time with images, graphics, maps or digital 3D models in their various forms with supporting textural information. Just as important as this type of information is the documentation of managerial attributes. How do managers of cultural heritage places collect information related to financial or economic well-being? How are data collected over time measured, and what are significant indicators for improvement? What quality of indicator is good enough? <br><br> Good management of cultural heritage places is essential for conservation longevity, preservation of values and enjoyment by the public. But how is management documented? The paper will describe the research methodology, selection and description of attributes or indicators related to good management practice. It will describe the criteria for indicator selection and why they are important, how and when they are collected, by whom, and the difficulties in obtaining this information. As importantly it will describe how this type of documentation directly contributes to improving conservation practice. Good practice summaries will be presented that highlight this type of documentation including Pamplona and Ávila, Spain and Valletta, Malta. Conclusions are drawn with preliminary recommendations for improvement of this important aspect of documentation. Documentation of this nature is not typical and presents a unique challenge to collect, measure and communicate easily. However, it is an essential category that is often ignored yet absolutely essential in order to conserve cultural heritage places.