日籍華語學習者的體標記習得偏誤

提要 華語中的進行貌「在」和持續貌「著」, 在語意上都含有持續的意思, 這種語意特徵一直以來對日籍的華語學習者造成很大的困擾。對日籍華語學習者而言, 日語中表示持續貌的「ている teiru」, 除了可以對應華語進行貌「在」、持續貌「著」, 還能對應華語表達狀態改變的「了」。一對多的對應形式, 使日籍華語學習者在分辨華語動貌標記時, 出現很大的困難。本研究採用雙元理論 (The Two-Component Theory, Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The parameter of aspect. The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands) 作為中日動貌對比分析之理論框架, 討論華語和日語敘事觀點的差異, 以量化和質化分析並行之方式, 檢視10位中級和高級日籍學習者之口語語料, 並與4位母語人士的口語產出進行對比分析, 以探討學習者在使用華語敘事時動貌標記的使用, 以及母語負遷移的影響。研究發現, 學習者的動貌標記偏誤並非源於對動詞語義所蘊含的事件結構認識不清, 而是因為「ている teiru」可以對應到華語的「在」、「著」和「了」, 再加上缺乏前後景的概念而導致偏誤, 因此會有誤代和遺漏的情況發生, 此種狀況在連動句最為明顯。

Analysis of Accommodation Gain of Presbyopia Eye After Laser Ablation (or Shrinkage) of Sclera Via Lens Reshaping and Lens Anterior Shift

Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas for an accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes. via sclera ablation and/or thermal shrinkage such that the lens is reshaped and/or its position is shifted. New mechanisms are also proposed. Study Design: To increase the accommodation of presbyopia. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between June 2021 and July 2021. Methodology: Accommodation gain is calculated by a 4-component theory, in which the rate functions are derived by an effective eye model for the change of anterior curvature of the lens and its anterior shift. The measured data of accommodative response of the lens versus the lens curvature change and anterior shift are analyzed. The measured net change of the posterior vitreal zonules (PVZ) length and the space between the ciliary body and lens (CLS) during the accommodation are also analyzed. Results: The accommodative gain (AG) is mainly due to the change of lens anterior curvature and its anterior shift. The AG per diopter change of the reshaped lens is 0.62 to 0.68 by our formulas, comparing to the measured average value M'=0.69.The efficacy of LASA (or AG) is proportional to the amount of scleral tissue removed (or shrinkaged), such that more space is produced for the change of PVZ and CLS from a UCS to AS for accommodation. Conclusion: The AG is proportional to the amount of scleral tissue removed (or shrinkaged), such that more space is produced for the change of PVZ and CLS from a UCS to AS for accommodation.

Analysis of Accommodation Gain of Presbyopia Eye after Laser Ablation (or Shrinkage) of Sclera via Lens Reshaping and Anterior Shift

Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas for accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes. via sclera ablation and/or thermal shrinkage such that lens is reshaped an/or its positon is shifted. New mechanisms are also proposed. Study Design: To increased accommodation of presbyopia. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between June, 2021 and July, 2021. Methodology: Accommodation gain is calculated by a 4-component theory, in which the rate functions are derived by an effective eye model for the change of anterior curvature of the lens and its anterior shift. The measured data of accommodative response of the lens versus the lens curvature change and anterior shift are analyzed. The measured net change of the posterior vitreal zonules (PVZ) length and the space between the ciliary body and lens (CLS) during the accommodation are also analyzed. Results: The accommodative gain (AG) is mainly due the change of lens anterior curvature and its anterior shift. The AG per diopter change of the reshaped lens is 0.62 to 0.68 by our formulas, comparing to the measured average value M'=0.69. The efficacy of LASA (or AG) is proportional to the amount of scleral tissue removed (or shrinkaged), such that more space is produced for the change of PVZ and CLS from a UCS to AS for accommodation. Conclusion: The AG is proportional to the amount of scleral tissue removed (or shrinkaged), such that more space is produced for the change of PVZ and CLS from a UCS to AS for accommodation.

Language Politeness in the Javanese Verb Speech Level

The focus of this research was the use of Javanese verb forms. The problem was studied with a sociolinguistic approach. The object of this research was the selection of Javanese verb forms used by speakers in the Magelang region. The informants were children, adolescents, and adults, both male and female. The informants in this research were 50 Javanese speakers. Data obtained by the technique of listening, recording, and taking notes. The problem was studied using speech component theory and language politeness norms. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. Based on this research, it is known that some children and the younger generation are less able to choose the correct form of verbs related to the level of speech, for example, the words ‘siram’ (bath), ‘tindak’ (go), and ‘mireng’ (hear). These three words should refer to people with whom to speak and be respected, not to describe oneself. Using an inaccurate form of the verb can lead to the assumption that the speaker is impolite. Based on the findings in this research, it is hoped that there will be efforts, both in the domain of families, schools, stakeholders, and policymakers, to provide better education to speakers, especially children, and the younger generation. With better education, it is hoped that the younger generation will be able to understand well the proper use of verbs. Incorrect use of the verb form can indicate the impoliteness of the speaker.

Students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity and their relation to contextual factors

Previous studies examining attitudes towards performance heterogeneity have focused on attitudes among teachers. However, positive attitudes towards the school environment are also assumed to be conducive for students. The aim of this paper is to examine students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity with a sample of 784 5th-grade students. Based on the three-component theory of attitudes (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), we investigated whether students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity are positive or negative. Furthermore, we analyzed contextual relations, focusing on whether students’ attitudes are linked to performance heterogeneity in the classroom and to a teachers’ behavior to manage performance heterogeneity. Descriptive statistics show that students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity are rather positive. Multi-level structural equation models reveal that contextual rather than individual characteristics relate to students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity. Accordingly, students in heterogeneous classes show a more positive attitude towards performance heterogeneity than students in less heterogeneous classes. In addition, a teachers’ capability of professionally managing heterogeneity is positively associated with students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity. Accordingly, students’ show more positive attitudes if teachers implement rules, effectively manage disruptions, orient themselves towards temporal reference norms, cultivate a positive error culture, and differentiate instruction in the classroom. We will discuss our results and consider implications for psychological aspects of education and learning.

Nonlinear dynamic pressure beneath waves in water of large and intermediate depth

<p>The data of simultaneous measurements of the surface displacement produced by propagating planar waves in experimental flume and of the dynamic pressure fields beneath the waves are compared with the theoretical predictions based on different approximations for modulated potential gravity waves. The performance of different theories to reconstruct the pressure field from the known surface displacement time series (the direct problem) is investigated. A new two-component theory for weakly modulated weakly nonlinear waves is proposed, which exhibits the best capability among the considered. Peculiarities of the vertical modes of the nonlinear pressure harmonics are discussed.</p><p> </p><p>The work was supported by the RFBR projects 19-55-15005 and 20-05-00162 (AK).</p>

Research on the Mechanism of Interaction between Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene (SBS) and Asphalt Based on Molecular Vibration Frequency

Based on the four-component theory of asphalt, molecular models of the saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene were constructed, respectively. The styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer was used as the modifier. Using density functional theory (DFT) to study the effect of SBS on the molecular vibration of each component of asphalt, the vibration spectrums and binding energy of the systems composed of SBS and each component molecule of asphalt were calculated. Prepared SBS modified asphalt and measured Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after the experiment. The results show that after SBS was added to asphalt, no chemical reaction occurred, and the system was mainly physical blending. The vibrational peak intensity of SBS and the light components of asphalt (saturate and aromatic) is stronger than that of SBS and the heavy components of asphalt (resin and asphaltene). The interaction strengths of asphalt components and polybutadiene (PB) blocks, polystyrene (PS) blocks of SBS are different. The binding energy of SBS and the saturate is the lowest and the bonding of the system is weakest. The bonding of the systems of SBS and the aromatic, resin, asphaltene is stable, and the stability of these systems are all stronger than that of SBS and the saturate.

Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Theory (ISCT) Controller for Mitigation of Harmonics in Micro-grid System

Now a days, the usage of non-linear loads are increased rapidly which increased the power quality (PQ) problems in electric power system like voltage sag and swell, harmonics, etc., in the mentioned problems, one of the major significant PQ problem is the harmonics. This paper proposes the power quality improvement by using Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) in AC Electric supply System feeding 3-phase balanced non-linear load. For reduction of harmonics in the system, the Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Theory (ISCT) based controller along with the other controllers named PI controller and Hysteresis current controller are which helps in the micro-grid system. In this, hysteresis current control compares the difference of compensating current, load current with filter current of DSTATCOM. In the proposed method, DSTATCOM has shown good performance in the system to eliminate harmonic component. The system performance is simulated in the MATLAB environment and it is evaluated by calculating the source current Total Harmonic Distortion(THD).