The Roles of Sex and Minority Status in Children’s Motivation and Psychomotor Learning

In this study, we had two inter-related goals: (a) to examine sex and minority status differences on children’s motivation for physical education (PE; i.e., their expectancy beliefs, subjective task values, and situational interest) and their psychomotor learning outcomes (i.e., motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and in-class physical activity); and (b) to examine the relationships between children’s motivation and their psychomotor learning outcomes while testing the moderation effects of sex and minority status. We recruited 195 fourth and fifth-grade students (101 boys; 94 girls; Mage = 10.7, SD = 0.7 years) from three elementary schools in North Texas. Using multivariate analysis of variance, we identified a significant sex difference that favored boys in motivation and psychomotor learning outcomes, with no significant minority status difference in relation to these variables. Regression analysis revealed that children’s expectancy beliefs were significantly associated with both motor competence ( R2 = 11%) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( R2 = 16%), while both situational interest and sex were associated with in-class physical activity ( R2 = 18%). Thus, improving children’s expectancy beliefs may be a means of enhancing psychomotor learning outcomes in PE, especially for girls. Enhancing children’s beliefs in their own ability and offering diversified PE content so as to generate greater interest may facilitate psychomotor learning.

Network Structure of Youth-Collateral Discrepancies in Reported Psychopathology Symptoms

Objective: Self-reports from informants and youth differ, adversely impacting the validity and reliability of obtained information. Such discrepancies are dependent on informant type, psychopathology domain and may be related to sociodemographic and cultural factors. Examining informant discrepancies may provide clinically pertinent information relevant to psychopathology characteristics, thereby aiding diagnosis. This study quantified youth-collateral discrepancies in symptoms and assessed the network structure of those discrepancies across psychopathology domains.Method: The sample (N = 5094) was extracted from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a community-based sample of youth. We included participants 11-17 years of age with both youth and collateral (i.e., parent or adult caregiver) reports on psychopathology symptoms. We examined youth-collateral agreements and conducted network analysis using disagreement scores for sociodemographic variables and psychiatric disorders. Results: Across all domains of psychopathology, agreement between youth and collateral informant ranged from slight to fair. Psychosis symptoms had the lowest Cohen’s kappas with a range from 0.03 to 0.17. Absolute difference scores between youth and collateral reports were greater than average for Black youth, female youth, and youth of lower socioeconomic status. Difference scores were higher than average for all psychiatric disorder groups with the greatest difference scores and the sparsest network for psychosis.Conclusion: Youth-collateral agreement on youth psychosis symptoms was lower than other psychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, the distinct network patterns of discrepancies for psychosis could potentially be leveraged to improve early identification and diagnostic accuracy of psychosis.

In the Shadow of Social Stereotypes: Gender diversity on corporate boards, board chair’s gender and strategic change

Against the backdrop of spirited public and academic discourse about women’s low visibility in corporate leadership positions, we examine board gender diversity’s influence on strategic change in firms. Viewing gender as an institutionalized system of social beliefs, the article makes two related arguments. First, it contends that because of gender status difference and bias, more gender diversity will result in less strategic change as a board’s decisions begin to follow the stance of a smaller but relatively more influential ‘boy’s club’. Second, it contends that should a board have a female chair as opposed to a male chair, a recession in the shadow of gender stereotypes will reverse board gender diversity’s negative effect on strategic change. Instrumental variables analysis of data from Fortune 500 firms supports the theory. We discuss the study’s contributions and implications.

Let's explore with a divided team! The effects of top management team demographic faultlines on technological exploration

Research on top management team (TMT) diversity suggests that diverse backgrounds improve technological exploration. However, this diversity may also cause demographic faultlines that break a team into subgroups and undermine team performance, and the status difference between CEO and top managers may change inter-subgroup dynamics. We predicted that TMT faultline had an inverted U-shape relationship with technological exploration. Further, we predicted that the effects of TMT faultline were more prominent when the CEO is in the minority subgroup than when the CEO was in the majority subgroup. Using a longitudinal sample from the US IT services industry, the results found that TMT faultline exhibited an inverted U-shape relationship with technological exploration only when the CEO was in the minority subgroup, and such relationship disappeared when the CEO was in the majority subgroup.

Climb or Jump: Status-Based Seeding in User-Generated Content Networks

This article addresses seeding policies in user-generated content networks by challenging the role of influencers in a setting of unpaid endorsements. On such platforms, the content is generated by individuals and firms interested in self-promotion. The authors use data from a worldwide leading music platform to study unknown music creators who aim to increase exposure of their content by expanding their follower base through directing outbound activities to other users. The authors find that the responsiveness of seeding targets strongly declines with status difference; thus, unknown music creators (the majority) do not generally benefit at all from seeding influencers. Instead, they should gradually build their status by targeting low-status users rather than attempt to “jump” by targeting high-status ones. This research extends the seeding literature by introducing the concept of risk to dissemination dynamics in online communications, showing that unknown music creators do not seed specific status levels but rather choose a portfolio of seeding targets while solving a risk versus return trade-off. The authors discuss various managerial implications for optimal seeding in user-generated content networks.

Between Human Rights and Justice Principle in Children’s Civil Rights

Children’s rights are fundamental in a country. Children are the future generation of a country. They have rights in civil law field. The examples of such rights are the right to have family name, the right to get alimony, and the right to get inheritance from the parents. Indonesian Law Number 1 of 1974 regarding Marriage (Marriage Law) distinguishes the civil rights of legitimate and illegitimate children. In 2010, the Indonesian Constitutional Court produced a decision which became a controversial decision because it was deemed to ‘legalize’ illegitimate child to have the same rights as legitimate child. The reason behind such decision is the human rights which should apply nondiscriminative principle. Some parties disagree with the reasoning behind this decision. They consider the decision unjust and that it violates social and religious norms in giving illegitimate and legitimate children the same rights in spite of the status difference. The author will discuss children’s civil rights based on civil law, human rights, and justice principle in Indonesia.

Socio-Structural Intergroup Characteristics as Predictors of Intention to Join University Alumni Association

We examined the association between socio-structural intergroup characteristics (i.e., permeability of groupboundaries, legitimacy of status difference between ingroup and outgroups, stability of status difference) andstudents’ intention to join the university alumni association. Prior theory and research suggests that group membersassess the intergroup context to direct identity management strategies (e.g., leave group, collective action). Collegestudents in their last semester at a university were asked to rate the perceived socio-structural characteristics of theingroup (compared to other universities) and their intention to join the alumni association. The results showed thatperceiving one’s ingroup as legitimately high status and in a stable intergroup context predicted greater intention tojoin the alumni association. Consistent with prior theory, the results suggest that viewing one’s ingroup aslegitimately high status predicts endorsement of actions to maintain a positive and distinct identity.

A study of availability of basic facilities at household level of rural Gujarat, India

Background: India, a globally important consumer economy and one of the fastest growing economies in the world. By 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals. The standard of living in India shows large disparity. Objectives: To study the rural household condition regarding social, demographic and housing condition. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary data analysis study was conducted at RHTC – Hadiyol of GMERS medical college, Himmatnagar, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat during 1st January 2016 to 30th August 2016. Study included 500 household from RHTC with 2250 members of rural area by purposive sampling method. Results: Almost 93.8% population was residing their own house and 66.2% population have “pucca” house. Mean family size was 4.5 ± 1.5 in rural households. Separate kitchen was present in 54.4% houses. Conclusions: Study reveals the socio-demographic and housing status difference between urban slum and rural area regarding own house, number of family members, kitchen, latrine, bathroom, and overcrowding, sanitary practices.