A New Frame for Orienting Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate During 3-Dimensional Facial Scanning

Background: Nonradiographic 3-D assessment of soft tissue facial structures is an ideal tool to measure 3-D facial change and smartphone apps like Bellus 3D have brought these technologies to our doorsteps. Although this app works well for adults, it doesn’t do so well with infants as their stabilization is difficult thus proper alignment becomes problematic often leading to distortion. This seriously hampers the repeatability and reliability of the whole process. Material and Method: A stainless steel rod of 150-cm length is curved into a semicircle of a radius of 42.5 cm. Bases are fabricated at both the ends to firmly hold the stand on the table. A Teflon ring of one inch is made for adjusting the diameter of the camera holder. A camera holder is then attached to the Teflon ring. The mobile holder mounted is free to move within the arc. A 3-D facial scan of a single patient was carried out with the camera mounted on the frame and once without the frame. The same was compared using side-by-side comparison and superimposition of the .STL files from the frontal, profile, and worm’s eye view. Result and Conclusion: It was found that considerable distortion was noted around the nasal and paranasal areas when the scan was performed without the frame as compared to the one that was taken with the frame. This technique avoided distortion and the difficulty in turning the baby’s head to record the lateral portion of the face.

An Algorithm for Improving the Accuracy of Systems Measuring Parameters of Moving Objects

The paper considers an algorithm for increasing the accuracy of measuring systems operating on moving objects. The algorithm is based on the Kalman filter. It aims to provide a high measurement accuracy for the whole range of change of the measured quantity and the interference effects, as well as to eliminate the influence of a number of interference sources, each of which is of secondary importance but their total impact can cause a considerable distortion of the measuring signal. The algorithm is intended for gyro-free measuring systems. It is based on a model of the moving object dynamics. The mathematical model is developed in such a way that it enables to automatically adjust the algorithm parameters depending on the current state of measurement conditions. This makes possible to develop low-cost measuring systems with a high dynamic accuracy. The presented experimental results prove effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of the dynamic accuracy of measuring systems of that type.

Crystal structure of bis(4-acetylanilinium) tetrachloridomercurate(II)

The structure of the title salt, (C8H10NO)2[HgCl4], is isotypic with that of the cuprate(II) and cobaltate(II) analogues. The asymmetric unit contains one 4-acetylanilinium cation and one half of a tetrachloridomercurate(II) anion (point group symmetrym). The Hg—Cl distances are in the range 2.4308 (7)–2.5244 (11) Å and the Cl—Hg—Cl angles in the range of 104.66 (2)–122.94 (4)°, indicating a considerable distortion of the tetrahedral anion. In the crystal, cations are linked by an intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interaction, leading to aC(8) chain motif with the chains extending parallel to thebaxis. There is also a π–π stacking interaction with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.735 (2) Å between neighbouring benzene rings along this direction. The anions lie between the chains and interact with the cations through intermolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure.

A Kalman Filter-Based Algorithm for Measuring the Parameters of Moving Objects

One of the most complex problems in measuring equipment is related to the provision of the required dynamic accuracy of measuring systems determining the parameters of moving objects. The present paper views an algorithm for improving the dynamic accuracy of such measuring systems. It is based on the Kalman method. The algorithm aims to eliminate the influence of a number of interference sources, each of which is of secondary significance. However, their total effect can cause considerable distortion of the measurement signal. The algorithm model is designed for gyro-free measuring systems. It is based on one of the most widely used elements in the dynamic systems, namely the physical pendulum, due to which measuring systems of high dynamic accuracy and low cost can be developed. The presented experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with respect to the dynamic accuracy of measuring systems of this type.

Effect of partial substitution of Cr or Mn for Ga or Fe on crystal-structure and microstructures of GaFeO3

Gallium iron oxide GaFeO3 and the substituted GaFeO3 with Cr and Mn, i.e., Ga(Fe0.95Me0.05)O3, and (Ga0.95Me0.05)FeO3; Me=Cr and Mn, have been synthesized and investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. The refined structural parameters of the considered samples using the Rietveld technique showed a considerable distortion in the polyhedron around different cations, which may have an effect on the piezoelectricity of the studied samples. There are also changes in the interatomic distances between different cations, which may have a direct influence on the ferromagnetic properties of the samples. Crystallite size and microstrain are anisotropic and the largest along the b axis, which may be responsible for the piezoelectricity. The correlations between all these changeable parameters will be discussed.

Muller's Ratchet and the Pattern of Variation at a Neutral Locus

The levels and patterns of variation at a neutral locus are analyzed in a haploid asexual population undergoing accumulation of deleterious mutations due to Muller's ratchet. We find that the movement of Muller's ratchet can be associated with a considerable reduction in genetic diversity below classical neutral expectation. The extent to which variability is reduced is a function of the deleterious mutation rate, the fitness effects of the mutations, and the population size. Approximate analytical expressions for the expected genetic diversity are compared with simulation results under two different models of deleterious mutations: a model where all deleterious mutations have equal effects and a model where there are two classes of deleterious mutations. We also find that Muller's ratchet can produce a considerable distortion in the neutral frequency spectrum toward an excess of rare variants.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and structural studies of organotin monothiocarbonates. Crystal structures of Ph3Sn[SCO2Me] and Ph3Sn[SCO2(i-Pr)]

O-alkyl monothiocarbonate (monoxanthate) derivatives of tin were obtained by the reaction of a sodium salt of the monothiocarbonic acid with an organotin chloride to give Ph3Sn[SCO2R], Ph2Sn[SCO2R]2, and Me3Sn[SCO2R], where R = Me and i-Pr. The compounds have been characterized by infrared, Raman, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry, and in two cases by X-ray crystallography. Ph3Sn[SCO2Me] (1) and Ph3Sn[SCO2(i-Pr)] (2), crystallize in the triclinic space group P[Formula: see text] (no. 2) with cell parameters a = 10.218(4), b = 10.568(6), c = 9.366(7) Å, α = 106.73(5), β = 96.99(5), γ = 85.55(4)°, V = 960(1) Å3, and Z = 2 for 1; and a = 14.793(2), b = 17.856(3), c = 9.813(3) Å, α = 103.86(5), β = 98.36(5), γ = 106.85(4)°, V = 2343(1) Å3, and Z = 2 for 2. The latter has two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The immediate environment about tin in both 1 and 2 is that of the expected distorted tetrahedron. However, the orientation of the monothiocarbonate group is such that there is an Sn-O intramolecular interaction of 3.040(8) for 1 and 3.05(2) Å on average for 2. Thus, the considerable distortion is consistent with a tendency to form a five-coordinate, trigonal bipyramidal species with one of the O-Sn-C angles approaching 180o (153.4(4) for 1 and an average of 157.1(6) for 2). Estimations of the Pauling partial bond orders suggest this weak Sn-O interaction is slightly stronger than the corresponding Ge-O interaction in the analogous germanium derivative, Ph3Ge[SCO2Me].Key words: structure, tin, methyl, phenyl, isopropyl, monothiocarbonates.

Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, XCVIII Cyclopalladierte Schiff-Basen von α-Aminosäure- und Peptidestern/Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, XCVIII Cyclopalladated Schiff Bases of α-Amino Acid and Peptide Esters

The reactions of Schiff bases from benzophenone and α-amino acid and peptide esters with tetrachloropalladate afford the chloro bridged ortho palladated complexes 1-8 and 11-18. The chloro bridges are cleaved by P and N donors (PR3, pyridine, α-amino acid ester) to give the monomeric complexes 19-35. From 1, 2, 3 and bidendate ligands (dppe, α-amino carboxylates, cysteine methyl ester) the bis(chelates) 36-41, with N-diphenylmethylene glycylglycine ester the C,N,N chelates 46 and 47 are obtained.The complexes 14, 23 and 47 were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Due to the two neighbouring five membered chelate rings in 47 a considerable distortion from the square planar coordination is observed.

The stereochemistry of Bis(α,α'-diimine)copper(I) complexes: the crystal and molecular structures of Bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I) bromide hydrate, Bis(4,4',6,6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)copper(I) chloride dihydrate, and Bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I) nitrate dihydrate (a redetermination)

The crystal structures of the title compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods at 295 K, and refined by least-squares methods. Crystal data for [Cu(Cl4H12N2)2] Br.H2O (1) are: monoclinic, P21/c, a 14.067(4), b 17.687(6), c 10.337(5) �, β 91.04(3)�, with R 0.038, R' 0.040 for 1855 'observed' reflections. Crystal data for [Cu(Cu14H12N2)2] C1.2H2O (2) are: triclinic, P1, a 15.305(2), b 13.164(2), c 7.344(3) �, α 83.03(3), β 93.83(3), γ 108. 11260(3)�, with R 0.051, R' 0.053 for 1293 'observed' reflections. Crystal data for [Cu(Cl4H12N2)2] Br.H2O (3) are: triclinic, P1, a 7.619(2), b 11.967(3), c 15.534(3) �, α 71.26(1), β 82.13(1), γ 86.86(2)�, with R 0.043, R' 0.052 for 2335 'observed' reflections. The anionic and solvent species are uncoordinated in all three compounds. Cu-N bond lengths range from 2.027(5) to 2.053(5) �. The copper(1) environment (CuN4) in each complex shows considerable distortion from tetrahedral geometry. N-Cu-N intraligand angles range from 81.0(2) to 83.0(2)�, while N-Cu-N interligand angles range from 114.7(2) to 135.2(2)�. The variation in interligand angles can be described in terms of three independent rotations of ligand 2 about an orthogonal axial system defined by ligand 1.

The Bedraggled Cupid: Ovidian Satire in ‘Carmina Burana’ 105

Ovid's exceptional popularity in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is past dispute; the exact nature of his influence, however, is somewhat less clear. The medieval student first read Ovid early in his career at cathedral schools such as Orléans and Chartres, where his teacher taught him that the classical poets were wise and learned authorities who could offer a Christian much profitable instruction (in Ovid's case, this interpretation involved a considerable distortion, to which we shall return). The student also learned that imitating the Roman authors was a safe and respectable course to follow. As far as Ovid is concerned, medieval poets learned their lessons well. Whether writing in classical, quantitative meters or in medieval, accentual ones, the poets, when they turn to love, sing in the Ovidian vein.