Viktor Nikolaevich Ivanov: the Director of the Leningrad Institute of Chemistry and Pharmacy in the 1950s

The article is dedicated to the director of the Leningrad Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute (now the Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University), a specialist in the field of chemical absorbers, Viktor Nikolaevich Ivanov, who headed the university in 1951-1958. The contribution to the development of chemical science has been revealed, also the activities during the years of the defense of Leningrad in 1941-1944 have been traced. In addition to the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, his teaching activities were associated with the Leningrad and Moscow State Universities. During the era of his directorship at the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, he managed to significantly strengthen the teaching staff, including specialists in the humanities, the famous sociologist I. S. Kon, as well as construct a new building and create a medicinal plant nursery in Lembolovo.

Director Nikolai Vasilyevich Koshkin: the Institute has become Chemical and Pharmaceutical again

By the end of the 1940s, it was necessary to intensify the engineering personnel training and development in the medical industry. Pharmaceutical institutes were chosen by the Soviet Healthcare Authorities to hold training sessions. For this purpose, the Leningrad Pharmaceutical Institute was transferred from the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR to the Main Medical Directorate of the Ministry of Health of the USSR to be further specialized in the training of chemical engineering technologists, chemical engineers for chemical and pharmaceutical plants and microbiological engineers for antibiotic production plants. At the same time, the historical name Chemistry and Pharmacy was returned to the institute. The paper reconstructs the biography of Nikolay V. Koshkin, a chemist, the Director of the Leningrad Institute of Pharmacy (Chemistry and Pharmacy) from 1947 to 1952 (now Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, SPCPU) based on unpublished materials from Saint Petersburg archives. N. Koshkin, a graduate of the Leningrad State University and a student of Academician V.E. Tishchenko, made a notable contribution to the establishment of chemical engineering technologists program in the pharmaceutical institute. He also returned the priority of chemical disciplines in the pharmaceutical training, both for pharmacy and chemical-pharmaceutical production. N. Koshkin initiated the training of microbiological engineers. During his administration, there was an attempt to establish a publishing house at the institute. Many textbooks were published, later on used by generations of students.

The Birth of Bibliologos. To the 100th Anniversary of the Institute of Book Studies

M.N. Kolesnikova’s monograph “Ahead of Time. To the 100th Anniversary of the Institute of Book Studies (Petrograd-Leningrad, 1920—1933)”, published in 2020, is a valuable contribution to the history of book science, library science, bibliography science, the general history of Russian culture and a fascinating textbook for students of library, information and media cultural school. The history of the Institute of Book Studies is a vivid illustration of the relationship between the totalitarian power and the creative intelligentsia. The monograph, which contains detailed biographical information about the employees of the Institute of Book Studies, can be called a reference book of library science and book science elite of Leningrad in the 1920s. All the classic problems of bibliography science, library science and book science were in the field of view of the staff of the Institute of Book Studies. Considering the constructive program of activities and the strong team of enthusiasts, the Institute could have grown into a truly research institution if the overall development of the country had gone differently.Based on the analysis of the scientific-research and educational activities of the Institute, it is concluded that it can be considered the birthplace of the Russian Bibliologos. Bibliologos is interpreted in two ways: first, as a social group of intellectuals-book lovers who ensure the functioning of the national bibliosphere; second, as a universe of bibliological knowledge embodied in book form as a result of scientific, pedagogical and practical activities of intellectuals-book lovers. The author highlights that it is necessary to preserve the memory of the Leningrad Institute of Book Studies, which served as the “cradle of the Russian Bibliologos” in the history of book culture.

The Birth of Bibliologos. To the 100th Anniversary of the Institute of Book Studies

M.N. Kolesnikova’s monograph “Ahead of Time. To the 100th Anniversary of the Institute of Book Studies (Petrograd-Leningrad, 1920—1933)”, published in 2020, is a valuable contribution to the history of book science, library science, bibliography science, the general history of Russian culture and a fascinating textbook for students of library, information and media cultural school. The history of the Institute of Book Studies is a vivid illustration of the relationship between the totalitarian power and the creative intelligentsia. The monograph, which contains detailed biographical information about the employees of the Institute of Book Studies, can be called a reference book of library science and book science elite of Leningrad in the 1920s. All the classic problems of bibliography science, library science and book science were in the field of view of the staff of the Institute of Book Studies. Considering the constructive program of activities and the strong team of enthusiasts, the Institute could have grown into a truly research institution if the overall development of the country had gone differently.Based on the analysis of the scientific-research and educational activities of the Institute, it is concluded that it can be considered the birthplace of the Russian Bibliologos. Bibliologos is interpreted in two ways: first, as a social group of intellectuals-book lovers who ensure the functioning of the national bibliosphere; second, as a universe of bibliological knowledge embodied in book form as a result of scientific, pedagogical and practical activities of intellectuals-book lovers. The author highlights that it is necessary to preserve the memory of the Leningrad Institute of Book Studies, which served as the “cradle of the Russian Bibliologos” in the history of book culture.

Origins of global scientific technical revolution

Examined are origins of the scientific and technological revolution (STR). Definitions of globalization and STR are analyzed. The role of Russia in accelerating the process of STR globalization in general and the importance of activities of Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology for scientific and technological development of Russia in particular are noted. The main directions of STR in the United States at the end of the 19th century (electrical engineering, communications, mechanization, power generators, motors, aviation, automobiles, microbiology, genetics, military equipment) are highlighted. The features of optimizing for the interaction of science and technology with economy through legal means: the US state has improved its legislation in order to have effective legal and financial instruments to stimulate scientific and technological creativity. Mutually beneficial contracts and patents have become great economic importance for the customer and the contractor. Specific functions of higher education in the process of scientific and technical development at the second half of the 19th century are explained. The reasons of the STR globalization are revealed.

Pyotr Ivanovich Astrakhantsev: first post-war Director of the Leningrad Pharmaceutical Institute

There were several periods in the history connected with the rebuilding of the Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, which is over a century old, due to certain events related to the fate of Russia. One of these periods came after the Great Patriotic War. Some students and teachers were evacuated, some joined front line troops, others stayed in besieged Leningrad to live and work. Part of the facilities was evacuated. Another part was destroyed and lost. It was necessary to start all over again. Based on unpublished documents from Saint Petersburg archives, this paper reconstructs the biography of P.I. Astrakhantsev (19051961), a university graduate, chemist, the first post-war director of the Leningrad Institute of Pharmacy. His life path was connected with Alma Mater, as well as with the work in the leading chemical institution of the USSR the State Institute of Applied Chemistry (at present the Russian Scientific Center of Applied Chemistry) he also taught chemistry in the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute, Molotov Pharmaceutical Institute, All-Union Correspondence Forest Engineering Institute.

LENINGRAD INSTITUTE OF TRANSFUSION UNDER THE SIEGE AND IN FIRST POSTWAR PERIOD. TRUTH AND FICTION

Basing on detailed study of open information and documentary sources, the author of the paper assumed the ground-lessness of official narrative setting out in the A. A. Crohn’s book «Deep-sea master. A tale of friend” (Moscow, New World Journal. Congress of People’s Deputies of the Soviet Union Publishing House, 1984. 272 p.) with regard to causes of conviction of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Diver No. 1 — A. I. Marinesco, as a result of malice from former director of Leningrad Institute of Transfusion (LIT) — associate professor, candidate of medicine V. V. Kuharchik. An exceptional importance of collaborative work of collective and chiefs of LIT on organization of donor movement under the severe conditions of the siege Leningrad and in a time of despiteous political repressions during the Great Patriotic War was shown. On the basis of analysis of confusion of biographies of two special persons: A. I. Marinesco and V. V. Kuharchik, it was made a conclusion of necessity of continuation historical and documentory studies aimed to discover the historical truth representing heroism of Soviet people at struggle with fascism.

ORGANIZATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY OF THE BURYAT SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (1920S)

In the 1920s, the activities of the Buryat Scientific Committee were multifunctional. In addition to scientific researches, the committee carried on educational, publishing and translation activities, including the dissemination of communist ideas. Scientific modernization of Buryatia was impossible without a full-fledged reference apparatus, namely, a library. Organization of cooperation with leading scientific and educational structures of Russia has become a priority in the work of the Committee. By 1928, contacts have been established with over 40 institutions. The largest libraries, research institutes, publishing houses of central scientific journals were among them, for example, with the library of the Asian Museum of the Academy of Sciences, the Leningrad Institute of Living Oriental Languages, the Scientific Association of Oriental Studies, the Central Bureau of Regional Studies, the Kazan University, the Institute for the Study of Languages and Ethnic Cultures of Eastern Peoples, etc. In addition, contacts were established with famous Russian orientalists: A. V. Burdukovsky, B. Ya. Vladimirtsov, V. A. Kazakevich, N. K. Klyukin, S. F. Oldenburg, N. N. Poppe. Book exchange, including international, was established. It was the first channel of acquisition of the Committee’s library, including the distribution of scientific literature. The transfer of bibliographic values from the leading cultural, scientific and educational institutions of the country was the second channel for replenishing the Committee’s library. The acquisition of rare scientific oriental publications in bookstores in Moscow and Leningrad was the third channel. Collecting the items of scientific, cultural and historical value in the regions of Buryatia was the fourth channel of the Committee’s collections. The donating was the fifth channel. For example, D. Ye. Khangalova donated personal materials of the famous Buryat ethnographer and folklorist M. N. Khangalov to the Committee. The receipt of an obligatory sample of new literature was the sixth channel for the accumulation of scientific publications. Аccordingly, the chairman of the Buryat Scientific Committee, an outstanding orientalist and public figure, Bazar Baradin and his associates made significant contribution to the organization of the library, to the accumulation of a complex of academic scientific literature, which contributed to more successful scientific modernization of the republic.

Department of Classical Languages and Literature of the LIPLH: Creation and Organization of the Educational Process

The article is based on the records of the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Linguistics and History (LIPLH), which are kept in the Central State Archive of Literature and Arts of St. Petersburg, as well as unpublished memoir notes by the first head of the Department of Classical Languages, O. M. Freudenberg. Chronological framework of the research — 1932–1937 — the time of the existence of the Department as part of LIPLH. The Department of Classical Languages and Literatures, re-founded in 1932, became a uniting link between the pre-revolutionary generation of philologists and the young generation formed in the 1920s. Here merged traditional methods and approaches to the teaching of ancient languages and Marxist innovations, such as focus on ‘practicality’, and a combination arose of the earlier individual forms of research with the new collective ones (publication of general works). The article argues that the appointment of O. M. Freudenberg as the head of the department was quite expected, for she was a singularly appropriate figure for the communist establishment. The author also comes to the conclusion that the full interruption of the traditions of learning and teaching of classical languages in Leningrad in the late 1920s — early 1930s never happened, and that the department has become a successor to similar institutions that functioned earlier in the frame of the ‘cycle’ of ancient history at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of the LSU, as well as at the Research Institute for Comparative History of Literatures and Languages of the West and East of the LSU, and at the State Institute of Speech Culture. The author also draws the conclusion that the opening/closing of the departments in the 1930s was not only a consequence of the activities of government structures but also of the internal conflicts of the scholarly community.

Contribution of professor S.A. Reinberg (1897–1966) in domestic medicine. On the 120th anniversary of birthday

The article presents the main milestones in the life and work of Professor Samuel Aronovich Reinberg (1897–1966). Little-known facts from the life of the scientist are noted. It is noted that in 1930–1943 he headed the Department of radiology of the Leningrad Institute of advanced medical training. In 1927, he founded the world's first Department of pediatric radiology at the Leningrad Institute of maternal and infant protection and led it until 1939.the article shows that in 1943–1950, the Director of the Moscow x-ray Institute and at the same time headed the Department of radiology of CIU (until 1966). S.A. Reinberg is the author of 410 works published in 13 languages, including 25 manuals, textbooks and monographs, mainly on the problems of clinical radiology. The main work of S.A. Reinberg is analyzed – the monograph “X-ray Diagnostics of bone and joint diseases”, which was published in 4 editions, was awarded the Lenin prize. S.A. Reinberg developed the problem of violation of bronchial patency. He has a priority in the study of the history of the organization and development of radiological service in the USSR, as well as in the development of lifetime radiography in humans and the opening of the sphincter apparatus of the fallopian tubes. Noted that he was one of the founders of the all-Union and all-Russian scientific society of roentgenologists and radiologists, Chairman of the Moscow scientific society of roentgenologists and radiologists, program speaker at the all-Union Congress of roentgenologists and radiologists starting from the 2nd Congress in 1924 the Editor of the editorial Department of “Radiology” 2nd edition BME. Analyzes the pedagogical activity of Professor S.A. Reinberg. The work noted that he was awarded the order of the Red Banner of Labor, Red Star, “Badge of Honor” and a number of medals of the USSR.