Racial Disparities in Lifer Parole Outcomes: The Hidden Role of Professional Evaluations

One in seven people in prison in the US is serving a life sentence, and most of these people will eventually be eligible for discretionary parole release. Yet parole hearings are notoriously understudied. With only a handful of exceptions, few researchers have considered the ways in which race shapes decision-makers’ perception of parole candidates. We use a data set created from over seven hundred California lifer parole hearing transcripts to examine the factors that predict parole commissioners’ decisions. We find significant racial disparities in outcomes, with Black parole candidates less likely to receive parole grants than white parole candidates, and test two possible indirect mechanisms. First, we find that racial disparity is unassociated with differences in rehabilitative efforts of Black versus white parole candidates, suggesting that differential levels of self-rehabilitation are not responsible for the disparity. Second, we test the hypothesis that racial disparity owes to commissioners’ reliance on other professionals’ determinations: psychological assessments, behavioral judgments, and prosecutors’ recommendations. We find that reliance on these evaluations accounts for a significant portion of the observed racial disparity. These results suggest that inclusion of professional assessments is not race-neutral and may create a veneer of objectivity that masks racial inequality.

Evaluasi Pemberlakuan Hak yang Tidak Didapat Narapidana Seumur Hidup pada Lapas Kelas I Surabaya

Each type of violation has its own term of punishment. For crimes such as theft and robbery, it ranges from 5 – 10 years in prison. However, it is different with the act of drug abuse and murder which gets a life sentence. For those who are still laymen, life imprisonment means that the convict spends the rest of his life in a correctional institution. But in reality it is not so. Life sentences range from 20-25 years. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. In this approach, the research procedure produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from the observed people and observed behavior. The qualitative approach is carried out in natural conditions and is discovery. In a qualitative approach, the researcher is the main instrument. This approach is used to review the quality of the implementation of rights that are not obtained by life inmates in Class I prisons in Surabaya, the results are then described in detail. Data collection techniques used were interviews to obtain information on the implementation of rights that were not obtained by lifelong prisoners and documentation to obtain references. The results of this study are in the form of an explanation of the implementation of rights that are not obtained by lifelong prisoners at the Class I prison in Surabaya.

Beyond the Life Sentence – A Children’s Rights Lens on Sentencing for Murder

Children around the world who have been found responsible for murder continue to be sentenced to indeterminate or long periods of detention. This is in contravention of children’s rights standards which urge a ban on the life sentence and require that detention is used only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Nonetheless, the public and victims of crime have a legitimate interest in the protection of public safety and appropriate accountability for serious offending. Further, there is little guidance on what a rights compliant approach in such cases might involve. This work builds on previous studies of how children are sentenced for murder across the common law world and extends the analysis to a selection of European civil law jurisdictions. It explores and applies recent updated guidance from the Committee on the Rights of the Child and seeks to develop a framework for a children’s rights and human rights compliant approach to such cases.

DAMPAK PSIKOLOGIS NARAPIDANA SEUMUR HIDUP DALAM PERUBAHAN PIDANANYA MENJADI PIDANA PERCOBAAN 20 TAHUN

A prisoner is someone whose rights and freedoms must be revoked because he has committed a crime. The loss of freedom of freedom, and the things that must be faced in the face of the environment and the new, and having to part with loved ones, as well as relatives, which negatively affects actions. This study aims to determine the psychological development with a life sentence against a criminal change into a 20-year probationary sentence. This writing uses a normative approach using library techniques. Many with life sentences experienced despair and lost hope, the change of sentence to 20 years probation was a second chance that was coveted by the people. In serving the sentence, there are three important parts that have a large enough influence on the condition of a psychologist, namely environmental conditions in prisons, characteristics between individuals and social support.

Loss of control in the appeal courts

The article critiques the ‘loss of self-control’ requirement within Loss of Control partial defence, investigating its meaning (legally and scientifically), as well as its theoretical purpose. We contend that the partial defence currently performs a curious and problematic role, promoting questions of self-control, that are most effectively dealt with at a post-conviction stage (ie, at sentencing), into questions for the liability stage. This could be (perhaps best) resolved through the abolition of the mandatory life sentence for murder, and subsequent abolition of the partial defences, but it is accepted that the current political reality weighs heavily against this option. Looking for viable alternatives, we highlight the advantages of an approach that maximises discretion based on a full appraisal of potentially extenuating circumstances; before discussing how the current partial defence, including the requirement for a loss of self-control, should be interpreted to move the current law closer to this goal.

19. Robbery

Robbery is an aggravated form of theft and is considered an extremely serious offence that carries a maximum life sentence and in practice attracts substantial sentences. It was put on a statutory footing in s 8 of the Theft Act 1968 and is triable only on indictment. The offence is very broad, applying to thefts in many circumstances ranging from the work of sophisticated gangs and armed bank robbers to extreme forms of playground bullying. This chapter examines robbery and the requirement of theft coupled with the use or threat of force in committing theft, and the mens rea of robbery.

LIFE IMPRISONMENT AND PAROLE IN SERBIA – (UN)INTENTIONALLY MISSED OPPORTUNITY

Triggered by the cruel rape and murder of a 15-year-old girl in July 2014, the public campaign was launched in order to change penal policy for a sexual violence committed against children in Serbia. Widely supported by general public, but strongly disputed by legal experts and professionals, amendments to the Criminal Code have been adopted in May 2019 introducing the life sentence without parole for the most serious crimes committed against children. This influenced the decision of the author to further explore how this public policy action fits to the relevant international standards, but also to the framework built based on the ECtHR interpretation of the Art. 3 of the ECHR in terms of the life prison. Aware of the current lack of public debate and the initiatives to improve relevant provisions of the Criminal Code, this paper shads a light on the gaps in human rights protection, especially in terms of the rehabilitation and reintegration of prisoners as the undetachable element of a purpose of punishing.

Crime Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms

The most serious security challenges we face in these turbulent times are terrorist attacks and the transmission of disease. length and breadth are measured in hundredths of a centimetre. On a daily basis, we see the most minor offences committed by ordinary citizens. Details of breaches and recurring cases of items should be applied to files to ensure that they are up to date. When it is known that a crime has been committed, people believe that disciplinary action will be taken, even if there is no means of knowing which one. The study of criminology helps to broaden our understanding of who is likely to become a suspect. In the midst of his attempts to identify and deter alleged criminals from reoffending the legal system, he is incorporating both computer science and deep learning. Anyone interested in learning more about the workings of the Chicago Police Force should visit "The Chicago Police Department Site." The Crime Timeline will keep track of all criminal activity as well as the time and date of any incident that occurs. The data collection and modelling have been completed; all that remains is on-line modelling and compilation. To address this question, we must first determine if the case history of K-grooming and other related methods will help with criminal prediction. The invention is typically used as a testing tool, but it can also be used in conjunction with other technologies. Based on internal or external metrics, an algorithm can estimate how easily law enforcement authorities may be able to track, anticipate, and cope with, or preempt, risks, such as the ratio of those sentenced to those arrested, with a life sentence to those awaiting the risk of life imprisonment.

Makuchyan and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary

The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or Court) in Makuchyan and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary is remarkable both on account of its facts and the peculiar legal issues it raised. In 2004, an ax-wielding Azerbaijani army officer (R.S.) beheaded one Armenian officer, and attempted to kill another, while attending a NATO-organized English language course in Budapest, Hungary. R.S. was prosecuted in Hungary and given a life sentence. Eight years later, R.S. was transferred to Azerbaijan to serve the remainder of his sentence. However, upon his arrival, R.S. received a hero's welcome. He was released, pardoned, promoted, and awarded salary arrears for the period spent in prison, as well as the use of a state apartment in the capital. Many high-ranking Azerbaijani officials expressed their approval of R.S.'s conduct and pardon. (The long-standing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan of course looms in the background of this story.)