Effects of Par on Plant Spacing in Relation to Yield Efficiency in Peach

Effects of PAR in relation with plant spacing in peach cultivar ‘Shan-i-Punjab’ during the year 2013-14 and 2014-15 were evaluated. The trees were trained to 4 different training systems and each system consisted of 2 spacings viz., 5 × 3 m and 5 × 2 m. Daily PAR was recorded at morning, midday and evening and it was found that irrespective of planting distance maximum light interception was recorded at midday hours. Plants spaced at 5 × 3m received more light inside the canopy during full day which directly influenced number of fruits per tree, number of picking, fruiting density, yield efficiency, relative pattern of fruit maturity whereas, fruit yield per hectare was maximum in 5 × 2 m. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 701-707, 2021 (September)

Influence of New Generation PGRs on Yield Parameter and Economics of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari

The present investigation entitled “Influence of new generation PGRs on yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari” was conducted at Horticulture experiment Station, Baramunda, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during the year 2017-19. The objective of this experiment was to improve the fruit retention of mango, Yield and its economic in c.v. Dashehari by using brassinostroids and triacontanol. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication and 12 treatments. Comprising spraying of brassinostroids (each 0.5 and 1.0 ppm), Triacontanol (@ each 300, 500 and 700 ppm) and control and its combination. The observations on different characters of fruit viz., fruit set per panicle at pea stage, fruit retention per panicle at marble stage, fruit drop %, fruit retention per panicle at harvest stage, fruit retention per shoot cluster, fruit retention per tree, number of days taken from spraying to ripening, yield per tree (kg), and its economics were recorded. Among these treatments 1 ppm brassinosteroid and 300ppm triacontanol sprayed at pea stage has increased in fruit retention per panicle at harvest stage (5.95), fruit retention per shoot cluster (30.04) and fruit retention per tree (174.84) along with early maturity (81.66 days) and yield (31.87 kg) found whereas 1 ppm brassinosteroid give maximum fruit set per panicle at pea stage (35.16) & Fruit retention per panicle at marble stage (14.63) and minimum fruit drop percentage (49.25%) were found in 300 ppm triacontanol. Maximum gross return (Rs74,625/-) and B:C ratio (1: 2.94) also found in the treatment 1 ppm brassinosteroid and 300 ppm triacontanol.

Silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species forest stands. A European review and perspective

Compared with far-developed measures and methods for mono-specific forest stands, the silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species stands are at their early beginning. However, they are essential for the well-conceived establishment, design, and control of mixed-species stands, currently promoted in many countries worldwide. Here, we review the state of the art and we further develop silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species stands for steering of experiments, stand modeling, and silviculture. We review which aspects of tree species mixing are most relevant for management goal achievement. We found the maintenance of species diversity and structural heterogeneity for ecological purpose, stabilizing productivity, and social-economic performance as main objectives. We give an overview of quantitatively formulated silvicultural prescriptions for steering mixed-species stands for forest practice, long-term experiments, forest stand models. Compared with the sophisticated guidelines for mono-specific stands, prescriptions for mixed stand are often mainly qualitative and vague. Then, we introduce methodological approaches in development for steering mixture: measures for spatial and temporal separation, species-specific growing space requirements for crop trees, coefficients for equivalence and density modification, and basic relationships for steering tree number and area-based mixing proportions. Finally, we draw conclusions for further development of methodological approaches for silvicultural steering of experiments, implementation in stand simulators, and for silvicultural operations. We see the need for improving the quantitative spatially explicit rules based at tree or cohort level, for substantiating the knowledge on species-specific allometry, growing area, tree-to-tree distances, and position-dependent competition indices for steering tree removal. We discuss the prospects and limitations of establishing silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species stands that inevitably will be more complicated than those for mono-specific stands, and we draw conclusions for next steps in science and practice.

Investigation the effects of cation/anion structure on distribution of Thiophene between IL-rich and Hydrocarbon-rich phases by QSPR approach

Selecting an appropriate ionic liquid as extraction solvent for extracting sulfur compounds from fuel, is a promising way to reduce SOx emissions and to prevent environmental pollution. In this regard, the best structural descriptors of different cation and anion, which play an important role on the thiophene distribution between ionic liquid (IL) and hydrocarbon phases in the ternary systems, that is helpful for selecting a proper IL, have been investigated using quantitative structure − property relationship (QSPR) approach. Five different datasets were collected from the literature containing {(Cation/[NTf2] − thiophene − n-heptane), (Cation/[NTf2] − thiophene − n-hexane), (Cation/[FAP] − thiophene − n-heptane), (Cation/[TCM] − thiophene − n-heptane), ([C2MIM]/Anion − thiophene − hydrocarbon), ([C8MIM]/Anion–thiophene − hydrocarbon)} with 664 data points. By investigating the various kinds of molecular descriptors of 1D, 2D and 3D, it was found that the increment of Spanning Tree Number (STN) descriptor as cation structure descriptor, causes a decrease in mole fraction of thiophene in IL-rich phase due to the increase in steric hindrance. STN descriptor reflects the complexity of structure of cation and the information about steric hindrance. Also, it was found that an increase in E1p value as anion structure descriptor leads to the decrement of mole fraction of thiophene in IL-rich phase, in order to increase the interaction between cation and anion in ionic liquid, that reduced the available space of cation to interact with thiophene. The E1p descriptor represents the density of atoms projected along the length or unfilled space of the anion, thus it is informative of the accessibility of them by thiophene.

Some properties of various graphs associated with finite groups

In this paper we investigate some properties of the power graph and commuting graph associated with a finite group, using their tree-numbers. Among other things, it is shown that the simple group L2(7) can be characterized through the tree-number of its power graph. Moreover, the classification of groups with power-free decomposition is presented. Finally, we obtain an explicit formula concerning the tree-number of commuting graphs associated with the Suzuki simple groups.

Territorial Responses of Nuthatches Sitta europaea—Evaluation of a Robot Model in a Simulated Territorial Intrusion

In birds, aggressive behavior can be elicited in the field with a simulated territory intrusion (STI). Here, we compared four different STI methods in nuthatches in the non-breeding season: playback only, playback combined with an inactive wooden model mounted on a robot device, playback and an active model mounted on a robot device, and playback with the robot device only. In the control treatment, birds were not exposed to STI. Experiments were carried out in 12 territories. Behavioral observations included latency to approach, latency to start calling, time spent in the same tree, number of flyovers, minimum distance, number of individuals, number of flights into the tree, and number of calls. There was no significant influence of stimulus presentation. Nuthatches responded equally to all four experimental manipulations, but order of presentation had a strong influence.

Fuzzy-DSM for Evaluating City-Forest Governance in Indonesia

City-forest is fruitful for human’s life and health, particularly for people who living in Metropolitan. A decision support model (DSM) was established academically to evaluate five city-forests in Indonesia. Fuzzy-logic was functioned as a main method and model was designed in Android based application for easy to use. Five parameters were functioned in the model, they are land width, land type, tree number, tree type, and maintenance quantity. The constructed model is able to measure the quality of city-forest governance for five forests in Indonesia as a sample of the study

Computer simulation of fir forest dynamics in the Bieszczady Mountains in response to climate change

Results of investigation of fir forest dynamics in the Bieszczady Mountains using a FORKOME (FORest KOzak MEnshutkin) model in response to climate changes are presented. The model was verified in field trials in 1998–2001 in a fir forest in forest district Procisne in the Bieszczady Mountains (Poland). Prediction of tree biomass and tree number was made for the next 600 years. The simulation demonstrated beech domination when mean annual temperature increases by 2°C while with a decrease in temperature by 2°C fir becomes dominant in the examined area. Both one simulation run and Monte Carlo simulation showed comparable results in statistical analysis. The results of FORKOME model simulations enable to set a thesis that forest succession may be used for evaluating the level of climate-change influence on forest ecosystems. Presented results indicate great usefulness of the model while investigating various subjects, especially concerning climate changes, which may have both theoretical and practical importance.

Acquisition of Forest Attributes for Decision Support at the Forest Enterprise Level Using Remote-Sensing Techniques—A Review

In recent decades, remote sensing techniques and the associated hardware and software have made substantial improvements. With satellite images that can obtain sub-meter spatial resolution, and new hardware, particularly unmanned aerial vehicles and systems, there are many emerging opportunities for improved data acquisition, including variable temporal and spectral resolutions. Combined with the evolution of techniques for aerial remote sensing, such as full wave laser scanners, hyperspectral scanners, and aerial radar sensors, the potential to incorporate this new data in forest management is enormous. Here we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques for large forest areas thousands or tens of thousands of hectares. We examined modern remote sensing techniques used to obtain forest data that are directly applicable to decision making issues, and we provided a general overview of the types of data that can be obtained using remote sensing. The most easily accessible forest variable described in many works is stand or tree height, followed by other inventory variables like basal area, tree number, diameters, and volume, which are crucial in decision making process, especially for thinning and harvest planning, and timber transport optimization. Information about zonation and species composition are often described as more difficult to assess; however, this information usually is not required on annual basis. Counts of studies on forest health show an increasing trend in the last years, mostly in context of availability of new sensors as well as increased forest vulnerability caused by climate change; by virtue to modern sensors interesting methods were developed for detection of stressed or damaged trees. Unexpectedly few works focus on regeneration and seedlings evaluation; though regenerated stands should be regularly monitored in order to maintain forest cover sustainability.

Visualization and simulation of structural dynamics of natural broad-leaved evergreen forest at Xuan Son national park

This research was conducted at Xuan Son National Park, the data was collected on 03 permanent plots, the area of each permanent plot is 1 ha. The data collection has been conducted in the period from 2012 to 2018. The trees are classified into diameter categories of 5 cm starting from 10 cm. The structural simulation model consists of two groups of system elements including: state elements (number of trees categorized by diameter size), intermediate elements (tree density, entering and outgoing tree number of diameter categories, number of died trees of different diameter categories, number of regenerating trees). The processes of forest dynamics (regeneration of trees, change of tree number and natural death of diameter categories) were simulated through an simulation scheme in MM&S Software. The interaction is defined through regression equations: Correlation between the number of regenerating trees and the number of existing trees (R-N0), correlation between the number of diameter-category-changing trees and the number of trees at particular diameter category (Ok-Nk), correlation between the number of died trees and the number of trees at particular diameter category (Mk-Nk). The suitable regression equations (that are selected based on the results of statistic analysis) were input into the model in the simulation diagram in MM&S Software. The model in the simulation diagram has been ran, the graph was created from the results of model running to show the tendencies of the change of the tree diameter categories in time and to see the correlation between the changes of the tree diameter categories of the system. The model was exported from the simulation diagram into text file for illustration.