Use of Oleogels to Replace Margarine in Steamed and Baked Buns

Bakery products are usually formulated with solid fats, like margarines and shortenings, which contain high levels of saturated and trans-fatty acids and have negative effects on human health. In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum (XG) were used as oleogelators to prepare oleogels, using sunflower and olive oil, as substitutes for margarine in baked or steamed buns. The effect of oleogels on the physical properties of the buns was evaluated by analyzing the crumb structure, specific volume, height, and texture. In addition, a triangular discriminatory sensory test was conducted, and lipid digestibility was assessed through in vitro digestion studies. Replacement of margarine with oleogels produced steamed buns with no differences in the crumb structure, volume, height, and texture; however, in baked buns, a less porous and harder structure was produced. No differences in texture were observed between the margarine buns and buns made with oleogels when the triangular test was conducted. The extent of lipolysis was not affected when margarine was replaced by oleogels in the baked and steamed buns. The results suggest that using oleogels instead of margarine in buns could represent an interesting strategy to prepare healthier bakery products.

Effect of Bran Pre-Treatment with Endoxylanase on the Characteristics of Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) Bread

Previous work indicated that bran removal promotes network formation in breads prepared from intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) flour. However, refinement reduces yields as well as contents of nutritionally beneficial compounds such as fiber. This study evaluated xylanase pretreatment of IWG bran as a processing option to enhance the properties of bread made with half of the original bran content. Xylanase pretreatment did not affect stickiness but significantly reduced hardness and increased specific loaf volumes compared to negative (without xylanase) and positive controls (with xylanase but without pretreatment). However, the surface of breads with pretreated bran was uneven due to structural collapse during baking. Fewer but larger gas cells were present due to pretreatment. Addition of ascorbic acid modulated these effects, but did not prevent uneven surfaces. Accessible thiol concentrations were slightly but significantly increased by xylanase pretreatment, possibly due to a less compact crumb structure. Endogenous xylanases (apparent activity 0.46 and 5.81 XU/g in flour and bran, respectively) may have been activated during the pretreatment. Moreover, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor activity was also detected (193 and 410 InU/g in flour and bran). Overall, xylanase pretreatment facilitates incorporation of IWG bran into breads, but more research is needed to improve bread appearance.

Improvement of gluten-free bread production technology

This article presents the improvement of the technology of production of gluten-free bakery products for people suffering from celiac disease, using non-traditional flour.. A review of various possibilities for improving the quality of baking gluten-free bakery products, leveling the crumb structure and increasing the final volume of bread is carried out. In the course of the study, bread was baked from a mixture of rice and corn flour with the addition of flaxseed flour in an amount of 5%, 10%, 15% instead of part of corn and rice flour. Flaxseed flour was added together with all the prescription components during the kneading of the dough. Bread baked from a mixture of rice and corn flour with the addition of flaxseed flour had good organoleptic quality indicators, but the baked products were with explosions and cracks on the surface. The aroma was characteristic of bread. The taste of baked bread became brighter as the percentage of flaxseed flour increased. The developed recipe will expand the range of gluten-free food products of domestic production.

Development of Well-Porous Structured Leavened Food Product from Rice-based Composite Flour

Well-porous structured leavened food products with a proper texture have a high demand in the dynamic food market. Hence, the current study was focused to formulate a leavened food product with a proper porous and better-textured crumb using rice-based composite flour (CF). Nine CF samples were prepared according to Taguchi’s orthogonal array by taking three variables (corn flour, finger millet flour, green gram flour) at three levels (0, 5%, 10%). Nine dough samples were prepared from each CF sample and subjected to fermentation and gelatinization under 1 kg/cm2 initial air pressure condition. Results revealed that crumb sample prepared from CF4 (Rice: Wheat: Corn: Green gram, 50:40:5:5) showed higher crumb volume, specific volume, lower bulk density and better crumb cellular structure properties which did not significantly different (p>0.05) to CF1 (Rice: Wheat, 50:50). Further, CF4 imparted to have the lowest crumb hardness, gumminess and chewiness. Thus, CF4 was selected as the best CF sample, which yielded a leavened food product with better textural and structural properties. Keywords: composite flour, fermentation, porous-crumb structure, rice flour, Taguchi’s orthogonal array

Rejuvenated Brewer’s Spent Grain: EverVita Ingredients as Game-Changers in Fibre-Enriched Bread

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the main side-stream of brewing. BSG is a potential source for nutritionally enriched cereal products due to its high content of fibre and protein. Two novel ingredients originating from BSG, EverVita FIBRA (EVF) and EverVita PRO (EVP), were incorporated into bread in two addition levels to achieve a ‘source of fibre’ (3 g/100 g) and a ‘high in fibre’ (6 g/100 g) nutrition claim for the breads. The impact of those two ingredients on dough and bread quality as well as on nutritional value was investigated and compared to baker’s flour (C1) and wholemeal flour (C2) breads. The addition of EVF performed outstandingly well in the bread system achieving high specific volumes (3.72–4.66 mL/g), a soft crumb texture (4.77–9.03 N) and a crumb structure comparable with C1. Furthermore, EVF barely restricted gluten network development and did not influence dough rheology. EVP increased the dough resistance (+150%) compared to C1 which led to a lower specific volume (2.17–4.38 mL/g) and a harder crumb (6.25–36.36 N). However, EVP increased the nutritional value of the breads by increasing protein content (+36%) and protein quality by elevating the amount of indispensable amino acids. Furthermore, a decrease in predicted glycaemic index by 26% was achieved and microbial shelf life was extended by up to 3 days. Although both ingredients originated from the same BSG, their impact on bread characteristics and nutritional value varied. EVF and EVP can be considered as game-changers in the development of bread fortified with BSG, increasing nutritional value, and promoting sustainability.

The Functionality of Inulin as a Sugar Replacer in Cakes and Biscuits; Highlighting the Influence of Differences in Degree of Polymerisation on the Properties of Cake Batter and Product

Sugar has multiple roles in baked products; competing for water and as such reducing starch gelatinisation and gluten development, behaving as a fluid during cooking, recrystallising on cooling; roles which influence properties such as aeration, texture and mouthfeel. Partial replacement with inulin, can provide beneficial nutritional and functional properties. This paper investigated the degree of polymerisation (DP) of two commercial inulins and their influence on baked product properties as a 30% sugar replacer. The two inulins varied substantially in their proportion of longer fructans (32.7% compared to 17.5% of DP > 11). The lower DP inulin led to a cake batter with very similar viscoelastic properties to the standard sugar batter, and subsequently to a very similar baked cake crumb structure, cake texture and mouthfeel. The higher DP inulin led to a more viscous batter, and cake with a less homogenous crumb structure that was perceived to be dryer and more mouthcoating. The subsequent use of the lower DP inulin in a biscuit formulation resulted in a slightly less elastic dough and consequently a softer and less crunchy biscuit. In summary, the success of inulin in providing functional properties that can enable sugar reduction in baked products is dependent on the degree of polymerisation of the inulin and rheological parameters needed in the specific bakery matrix.

GPS Based Soil Profile Study in Respect to Morphological and Nutrient Analysis in Pedon of Ganjam District

GPS based two pedons- one each from up and medium land during dry season, studied in the field & analysis done in the laboratory. The difference in properties between two pedons was mostly due to lateritic and basaltic parent material in pedons. The morphology of mineral soils explains the evolution that occurs in the soil body during the process of soil formation, which is predominantly influenced by the parent material and climate. Determination of epipedon and endopedon of diagnostic horizons through description and interpretation of soil profile properties is the basis of land classification, as the knowledge of soil properties, capabilities, and utilization. The results of the study found that, based on its morphological and chemical characteristics, the soil in pedon 1 had brighter colors, higher micronutrient availability, and a thicker horizon compared to the soil in pedon 2. Meanwhile, the pedon 1 is light texture, crumb structure and pedon 2 is heavy texture and sub angular blocky structure. Both the form of density in two pedons was increasing downwards & the value were of a typical mineral soils, but the pore space showed a reverse trend on confirming the compactness and aging of soils towards subsurface horizons. Same results tendency found in micronutrients analysis where pedon 1 rich in micronutrients as compare to pedon 2.

Substitution of Canna edulis starch for a mixture of potato/cassava starch in the production of almojábanas

Almojábana is a kind of food that varies in its composition depending on the geographical place where it is baked. In Ecuador, almojábana is based on cheese, wheat flour and Canna edulis starch. C. edulis planting has diminished, leading to a high cost of the starch and less availability on the market. The present work studied C. edulis starch substitution by a mixture of potato and cassava starches on the elaboration of almojábanas. Specific volume, crumb structure, textural properties and sensory analyses were used to find the best starch substitution. Mixtures of cassava and potato starch (25/75, 35/65, and 45/55) and starch dough resting time (10, 15, and 20 h) were investigated. Hardness, elasticity, chewiness, specific volume, average size cell, the number of cells per area and the total area of cells of almojábanas were determined. Results showed that a mixture of 25% potato, 75% cassava and 20 h resting time could substitute C. edulis starch in almojábana baking. The obtained almojábanas had different flavor compared to a control sample (based on C. edulis starch). Starch substitution reduced the cost of raw materials (starch) by 60%.