Genetic variations for the eggshell crystal structure revealed by genome-wide association study in chickens

Background Eggshell is a bio-ceramic material comprising columnar calcite (CaCO3) crystals and organic proteinaceous matrix. The size, shape and orientation of the CaCO3 crystals influence the microstructural properties of chicken eggshells. However, the genetic architecture underlying eggshell crystal polymorphism remains to be elucidated. Results The integral intensity of the nine major diffraction peaks, total integral intensity and degree of orientation of the crystals were measured followed by a genome-wide association study in 839 F2 hens. The results showed that the total integral intensity was positively correlated with the eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight, mammillary layer thickness and effective layer thickness. The SNP-based heritabilities of total integral intensity and degree of orientation were 0.23 and 0.06, respectively. The 621 SNPs located in the range from 55.6 to 69.1 Mb in GGA1 were significantly associated with TA. PLCZ1, ABCC9, ITPR2, KCNJ8, CACNA1C and IAPP, which are involved in the biological process of regulating cytosolic calcium ion concentration, can be suggested as key genes regulating the total integral intensity. Conclusions The findings greatly advance the understanding of the genetic basis underlying the crystal ultrastructure of eggshell quality and thus will have practical significance in breeding programs for improving eggshell quality.

Influence of the Exoskeleton Training Course on the Energy Parameters of Walking in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Aim. To identify the features of changes in the energy parameters of walking in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their correction under the influence of the of the exoskeleton training course. Material and methods. Authors of this article investigated electrical activity of two symmetrical thigh muscles – both m. rectus femoris and both m. biceps femoris during walking at different cadences – the slowest one, slow, decelerated, voluntary and fast in 3 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition to these parameters, the energy parameters of walking were also studied, namely, the average electrical activity of the muscles, equivalent to the power of the muscles, and the total integral for 10 m of the path, equivalent to the work of the muscles, taking into account both the pace and the length of the step. Results. The authors revealed the characteristic features of the energy parameters of walking in patients with multiple sclerosis, namely, a very slight increase in muscle power with an increase of walking velovity and the absence of the parabola second branch in the curve of the total integral for the distance of 10 m. On the basis of the received data authors make conclusion, that rezonance pnenomena are considerably diminished in patients with MS. The training exoskeleton walking method was developed, which includes the total training time, net walking time (walking time without rest), speed, pace and step length when walking in an exoskeleton, the number of steps taken by patients during the session and for the entire course. Remarkable improvement of the innervative structure of walking takes place after the course of training in the exoskeleton, that is revealed in considerable activity maximuma growth and in a number of cases – in apperance of these maxima, in concentration of these maxima in the locomotor cycle adequate phases, in appearance of the second maximum of activity in rectus femoris muscle and biceps femoris muscle in the swing phase of the locomotor cycle. Conclusion. All these positive changes were accompanied by an increase in the random walking speed and remarkable improvement of the energy walking parameters, namely, by considerable increase of the average electrical muscle activity and appearance of two parabola branches in the curve of the summary integral for the distance of 10 m, what points to appearance of the rezonance phenomena during walking in this patient.

New Improved Thermoluminescence Magnesium Silicate Material for Clinical Dosimetry

Magnesium silicate has been prepared by a precipitation technique. This composite structure was proven by different tools, XRD, TGA&DTA, FTIR, and XRF. Magnesium silicate was found to have the formulas Mg1.1SiO3.2.1.1H2O. Thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetric properties like (linearity, fading, energy independence) of magnesium silicate in the shape of MgSiO3 have been estimated. A strong TL dosimetry peak associated with gamma radiation arises from 137Cs was developed. Different doses from gamma radiation were measured by thermoluminescence (TL) detection technique for magnesium silicate glasses in unique magnesium elements concentration to assess its dosimetric properties. A single strong peak of about 230 °C arises for all irradiated samples. Total integral values of TL output and TL of the principal peak values showing a linear behavior start with 0.5 Gray up to 2 Gray dose range. Correlation of magnesium silicate TL response and different doses showed dose-response improvement concerning low doses linear relationship.

Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) Application on Decision Support Systems (SPK) to Diagnose a Type of Disease

Fuzzy logic is widely applied to daily life with various methods. One method is fuzzy multi-attribute decision making (FMADM). FMADM is able to select the best alternative from a number of alternatives. In FMADM there is a supporting method so that the results obtained are accurate and optimal, namely the classic MADM method. One method in classic MADM is the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The SAW method is precisely used to minimize diagnostic errors, but if a decision support system is made, the SAW method still requires a further development method, one of which is the FMADM method with its development. The purposes of this study are to describe the steps of SAW method and the development of FDM in theory, implement SAW method and the development of FDM to diagnose a type of disease and implement it in a decision support system using GUI matlab. The completion step of those two methods is through two stages, the first one will go through FMADM stage with SAW, which is weighted sum, then the output will be used as input to the FDM method based on total integral values. The result of this study is proven by patient experienced initial symptoms of high fever at a temperature of 39.5° C - 40° C, very much spots appear in rumple leed test (> 50 petheciae), bleeding gums, rarely got nausea and headache, as well as diarrhea. Accuracy for the decision support system using MAPE was obtained 93% so that the decision support system with FMADM method to diagnose the disease was feasible to use.

A necessary condition for comparing and ranking of triangular fuzzy numbers on the basis of height-independent ranking techniques

The open problem of comparing fuzzy numbers as one of the most important issues in fuzzy sets has been studied by many researchers. However, this problem has not been solved up to now and perhaps it will never be fully answered. This work proposes a necessary condition for ranking of triangular fuzzy numbers on the basis of some efficient height-independent ranking methods such as centroids, total integral value, signed distance and defuzzification. To the best of our knowledge, this paper provides the first use of a necessary condition in ranking methods. Fortunately, suggested approach is very straightforward, fast and efficient to use in the real problems. To evaluate the suggested approach with the result of existing methods, six examples are presented. Finally, we apply this necessary condition for ranking fuzzy numbers to a fuzzy failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) problem. The results show that our approach is practical and has reasonable outcome.

Frobenius cowreaths and Morita contexts

We prove a uniqueness type theorem for (weak, total) integrals on a Frobenius cowreath in a monoidal category. When the cowreath is, moreover, pre-Galois, we construct a Morita context relating the subalgebra of coinvariants and a certain wreath algebra. Then we see that the strictness of the Morita context is related to the Galois property of the cowreath and the existence of a weak total integral on it. We apply our results to quasi-Hopf algebras.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN DALAM MENENTUKAN BUAH PISANG YANG PALING DIMINATI

as an agrarian country Indonesia has a variety of plants that can produce many different kinds of fruit from farmers, especially on average in each region has farmers who have crops that are suitable and in accordance with the conditions of their respective regions. Banana is one of the most consumed fruits by the people. The banana plant farmers basically have a way to determine their own characteristics or character to determine the good or good fruit and suitable for consumption. Many farmers or fruit enthusiasts often find it difficult to determine the best fruit on bananas, with an alternative available decision support system with the FMCDM method to choose the best fruit from bananas. Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM) is a decision making method that aims to determine the best alternative decisions from a number of alternatives based on certain criteria that will be taken into consideration. From the results of calculations using the above software, the results obtained are alternative (A3) obtaining the largest total integral value compared to other alternatives. Keywords: Banana; decision support system; fuzzy multi criteria decision making Abstrak: sebagai negara agraris Indonesia mempunyai ragam tanaman yang dapat menghasilkan banyak bermacam buah hasil petani, terlebih rata rata di setiap daerah mempunyai petani yang mempunyai tanaman yang cocok dan sesuai dengan kondisi daerah masing masing. Pisang merupakan salah buah yang paling banyak di konsumsi oleh masyarakat. Adapun petani tanaman buah pisang pada dasarnya mempunyai cara untuk menentukan ciri-ciri tersendiri atau karakter untuk menentukan buah bagus atau baik dan layak untuk dikonsumsi. Banyak kadang petani atau peminat buah susah menentukan buah yang terbaik pada buah pisang, dengan adanya alternatif yang ada sistem pendukung keputusan dengan metode FMCDM untuk memilih buah terbaik dari buah pisang. Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM) adalah suatu metode pengambilan keputusan yang bertujuan untuk menetapkan alternatif keputusan terbaik dari sejumlah alternatif berdasarkan beberapa kriteria tertentu yang akan menjadi bahan pertimbangan. Dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan software di atas, diperoleh hasil yaitu alternatif (A3) memperoleh nilai total integral terbesar dibandingkan denganalternatif-alternatif yang lain. Kata Kunci : Buah Pisang; Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making; sistem penunjang keputusan

Nonlinear Optimal Control of a Deep Borehole Trajectory Design

In modern oil/gas producing industry, vertical, 2D and 3D directed, and multilateral (branched) boreholes are drilled. Their trajectories are designed depending on the petroleum deposit depth and structure, properties of mining rocks, their hardness, heterogeneity, fracturing anisotropy, permeability, and so on. Therefore, the borehole cost and its productivity are determined by the length, smoothness, and configuration of its trajectory. To enhance efficiency of a borehole and to reduce cost of its drivage, to enlarge rate and volume of the reservoir depletion, it is proposed to use methods of optimal control for the best tracking of its trajectory. Through application of the differential geometry correlations, the mathematic model of the borehole outline in the form of nonlinear ordinary differential equations system is elaborated. Different objective functions, representing total integral curvature of the borehole axis line, its length, and cost of its drivage, are selected; additional constraints, separating allowed and forbidden zones of passing, are chosen. The functions of the trajectory curvature and torsion are used as controlling variables. The continuous correlations of the model are discretized and, further, the techniques of nonlinear programming and optimal control are employed. On the basis of the method of objective function gradient (antigradient) projection on the linearized constraint planes, the step-by-step algorithm of approaching to the optimal trajectory is elaborated. To correct the spoilt constraints, at every step of calculations, the Newton method is used. The elaborated approach is applied to optimization of deep curvilinear borehole outlines. The results of numerical analysis are discussed. It is shown that smoothing the hole trajectory permits also to diminish the contact and frictional interaction between the drill string and bore-hole wall and, by this, to decrease the resistance forces acting on the string during tripping in/out operations performing and to diminish energy expenditures for these operations fulfillment; to decrease the rate of the drill string tube wear; and to reduce the drill string sticking occurrence probability.

Inelastic Processes of Electron Interaction with Chalcogens in the Gaseous Phase (a Review)

Complex research of elementary pair collision processes occurring when low-energy (0–70 eV) electrons pass through chalcogen (S, Se, Te) vapor has been carried out in the evaporation temperature intervals of those elements (T = 320÷700 K for sulfur, 420÷490 K for selenium, and 400÷600 K for tellurium). The vapor compositions of indicated elements are studied using the mass spectroscopy method. The radiation spectra are analyzed in the wavelength interval from 200 to 600 nm with the help of optical spectroscopy. Using highly monoenergetic electron beams, the total (integral) formation cross-sections for positive and negative S, Se, and Te ions are measured. It is found that, under the experimental conditions, the main components of chalcogen vapor are molecules containing 2 to 8 atoms. At the energies of bombarding electrons below 10 eV, the emission spectra mainly consist of bands of diatomic molecules, and, at higher energies (E > 15 eV), there appear separate atomic and ionic lines. At E = 50 eV, the lines of singly charged ions are the most intense ones. It is shown that the most effective reaction channel is the interaction of electrons with diatomic molecules of indicated elements, whereas other processes are mainly associated with the decay of polyatomic molecules. The excitation and ionization thresholds for interaction products are found by analyzing the energy dependences of process characteristics. Specific features are also observed in the energy dependences of the excitation and ionization functions. Doubly charged ions of diatomic sulfur molecules, as well as selenium and tellurium atoms, are revealed for the first time. The appearance of triply charged ions of diatomic sulfur molecules is also detected. The main contribution to the total (integral) effective ionization cross-section of both positive and negative ions is proved to be made by the interaction processes of electrons with diatomic molecules S2, Se2, and Te2. Besides the experimental research, a detailed theoretical study is carried out. Calculations with a theoretical analysis of their results are performed for the structural characteristics of homoatomic sulfur, Sn, selenium, Sen, and tellurium, Ten, molecules with n = 2÷8; namely, interatomic distances, ionization potentials, electron affinity energies, and dissociation energies. The energy characteristics are applied to calculate the appearance energies for singly and doubly charged ionic fragments of those molecules at the dissociative ionization. The obtained results are carefully compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.