Predicting the Effects of Solar Storms on the Ionosphere Based on a Comparison of Real-Time Solar Wind Data with the Best-Fitting Historical Storm Event

This study presents a new modeling approach that aims for long time predictions (more than 12 h) of ionospheric disturbances driven by solar storm events. The proposed model shall run in an operational framework to deliver fast and precise localized warnings for these disturbances in the future. The solar wind data driven approach uses a data base of historical solar storm impacts covering two solar cycles to reconstruct future events and resulting ionospheric disturbances. The basic components of the model are presented and discussed in this study, and the strengths of the reconstruction based on historical events are presented by showing the good correlations for predicted and observed geomagnetic activity. Initial results on the ionospheric response are discussed for all historical events using global total electron content (GTEC) and in more detail using total electron content (TEC) maps for two specific case studies (including the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm during the 17 March 2015). Average root mean square error (RMSE) values of 3.90 and 5.21 TECU are calculated for these cases confirming good results for the current configuration of the model. Possible future improvements of the individual model parts, as well as the planned extensions and applications are discussed in detail.

Space Radiation of Solar Storm: A Meeting Report in Taiwan

Solar storm was an effect when Sun was active. Solar flares flame released a large amount of energy and caused a large-scale explosion. A large amount of coronal matter was ejected into space by plasma composed of electrons and protons. Their shock waves or magnetic clouds and the earth Magnetic storms generated by the interaction of magnetic fields caused disturbances and squeezing of the earth’s magnetosphere. A solar flare was a phenomenon of solar storm. It had huge eruptions of electromagnetic radiation. The sudden electromagnetic energy traveled with the speed of light. Large solar flare might affect the effects of reliability of electronic components in satellites and could cause economic losses by soft error and could affect human health through the space radiation, especially causing cancer.

LEO-Constellation-Augmented BDS Precise Orbit Determination Considering Spaceborne Observational Errors

The precise orbit determination (POD) accuracy of the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is still not comparable to that of the Global Positioning System because of the unfavorable geometry of the BDS and the uneven distribution of BDS ground monitoring stations. Fortunately, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, serving as fast moving stations, can efficiently improve BDS geometry. Nearly all studies on Global Navigation Satellite System POD enhancement using large LEO constellations are based on simulations and their results are usually overly optimistic. The receivers mounted on a spacecraft or an LEO satellite are usually different from geodetic receivers and the observation conditions in space are more challenging than those on the ground. The noise level of spaceborne observations needs to be carefully calibrated. Moreover, spaceborne observational errors caused by space weather events, i.e., solar geomagnetic storms, are usually ignored. Accordingly, in this study, the actual spaceborne observation noises are first analyzed and then used in subsequent observation simulations. Then, the observation residuals from the actual-processed LEO POD during a solar storm on 8 September 2017 are extracted and added to the simulated spaceborne observations. The effect of the observational errors on the BDS POD augmented with different LEO constellation configurations is analyzed. The results indicate that the noise levels from the Swarm-A, GRACE-A, and Sentinel-3A satellites are different and that the carrier-phase measurement noise ranges from 2 mm to 6 mm. Such different noise levels for LEO spaceborne observations cause considerable differences in the BDS POD solutions. Experiments calculating the augmented BDS POD for different LEO constellations considering spaceborne observational errors extracted from the solar storm indicate that these errors have a significant influence on the accuracy of the BDS POD. The 3D root mean squares of the BDS GEO, IGSO, and MEO satellite orbits are 1.30 m, 1.16 m, and 1.02 m, respectively, with a Walker 2/1/0 LEO constellation, and increase to 1.57 m, 1.72 m, and 1.32 m, respectively, with a Walker 12/3/1 constellation. When the number of LEO satellites increases to 60, the precision of the BDS POD improves significantly to 0.89 m, 0.77 m, and 0.69 m for the GEO, IGSO, and MEO satellites, respectively. While 12 satellites are sufficient to enhance the BDS POD to the sub-decimeter level, up to 60 satellites can effectively reduce the influence of large spaceborne observational errors, i.e., from solar storms.

Assessing the performance of a Northeast Asia Japan-cantered 3-D ionosphere specification technique during the 2015 St. Patrick’s day solar storm

This paper demonstrates and assesses the capability of the advanced three- dimensional (3-D) ionosphere tomography technique, during severe conditions. The study area is northeast Asia and quasi-Japan-centred. Reconstructions are based on Total electron content data from a dense ground-based global navigation satellite system receiver network and parameters from operational ionosondes. We used observations from ionosondes, Swarm satellites and radio occultation (RO) to assess the 3-D picture. Specifically, we focus on St. Patrick’s day solar storm (17–19 March 2015), the most intense in solar cycle 24. During this event, the energy ingested into the ionosphere resulted in Dst and Kp and reaching values ~-223 nT and 8, respectively, and the region of interest, the East Asian sector, was characterized by a ~ 60% reduction in electron densities. Results show that the reconstructed densities follow the physical dynamics previously discussed in earlier publications about storm events. Moreover, even when ionosonde data were not available, the technique could still provide a consistent picture of the ionosphere vertical structure. Furthermore, analyses show that there is a profound agreement between the RO profiles/in-situ densities and the reconstructions. Therefore, the technique is a potential candidate for applications that are sensitive to ionospheric corrections.

Changes of Circulatory and Nervous Diseases Mortality Patterns during Periods of Exceptional Solar Events

A statistical analysis of the relation between exceptional solar events and daily numbers of deaths in the Czech Republic is presented. In particular, we concentrate on diseases of the nervous system (group VI from ICD-10—International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision) and diseases of the circulatory system (group IX from ICD-10). We demonstrate that the neurological diseases exhibit greater instability during the period of rising and falling solar activity. We study the daily numbers of deaths, separately for both sexes and two age groups (under 39 and 40+), during the Solar Cycles No. 23 and No. 24. We focus on exceptionally strong solar events in this period, such as the “Bastille Day event” on 14 July 2000, “Halloween solar storm” on 28 October 2003, and events on 7 January 1997, 2 April 2000, and on 7 September 2005. Special attention is paid to “St. Patrick’s Day storm” on 17 March 2015, the strongest geomagnetic storm of the Solar Cycle No. 24 that occurred following a coronal mass ejection (CME). We investigate the changes in the daily numbers of deaths during 1 month before and 1 month after these exceptional solar events. We take specific storm dynamics of their geophysical parameters into consideration. It has been verified that, for diseases of the nervous system, women are generally more sensitive than men. On the contrary, this differences between men and women have not been found for diseases of the circulatory system. Our findings suggest that the impact of the hazardous space weather conditions on human health depends on the specific dynamic and strength of the solar storm.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PADA NOVEL BADAI MATAHARI ANDALUSIA KARYA HARY EL-PARSIA (Transfer code and mix code in Novels Badai Matahari Andalusia Karya Hary El-Parsia)

The language produced by speakers is a reflection of a culture that it adheres to because, incommunication, it certainly has a close relationship with the other person so that the language spoken can bewell understood. A discussion can take place if the style used can be followed so that the message delivered canbe received. This study aims to analyze code-switching and code-mixing in novels Badai Matahari CreationHary El-Parsia. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative carried out by not prioritizing the numbersbut prioritizes the depth of appreciation of the interaction between the concepts being studied imply. The type ofresearch in the literature is. The source and type of data of this research are the data written on novel BadaiMatahari Andalusia. The results of the study showed that in the Solar Storm novel, there were seven quotes fromthe Code and nine quotes from the Code. Code Transfer and Mix The most dominant code is the Transfer ofCode by mixing Indonesian, English, Arabic. In other words, the author Hary El-Parsia in his work uses theTransfer of Code and Mixed Code as the hallmark of his work.Keywords: Code Transfer, Code Combination. Novel. Badai Matahari Andalusia

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PADA NOVEL BADAI MATAHARI ANDALUSIA KARYA HARY EL-PARSIA (Transfer code and mix code in Novels Badai Matahari Andalusia Karya Hary El-Parsia)

The language produced by speakers is a reflection of a culture that it adheres to because, incommunication, it certainly has a close relationship with the other person so that the language spoken can bewell understood. A discussion can take place if the style used can be followed so that the message delivered canbe received. This study aims to analyze code-switching and code-mixing in novels Badai Matahari CreationHary El-Parsia. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative carried out by not prioritizing the numbersbut prioritizes the depth of appreciation of the interaction between the concepts being studied imply. The type ofresearch in the literature is. The source and type of data of this research are the data written on novel BadaiMatahari Andalusia. The results of the study showed that in the Solar Storm novel, there were seven quotes fromthe Code and nine quotes from the Code. Code Transfer and Mix The most dominant code is the Transfer ofCode by mixing Indonesian, English, Arabic. In other words, the author Hary El-Parsia in his work uses theTransfer of Code and Mixed Code as the hallmark of his work.Keywords: Code Transfer, Code Combination. Novel. Badai Matahari Andalusia

The Effectiveness of E-CALLISTO System in Predicting Geomagnetic Disturbance

This study focuses on analyzation of solar radio burst (SRB) data obtained by e-CALLISTO system in order to predict the occurrence of geomagnetic storm. E-CALLISTO is a global network of solar spectrometer that continually generates the observed radio signals in a form of spectrographs. Previous studies have strongly proved that the source of geomagnetic disturbance turned out to be type IV SRB which can be detected by CALLISTO instrument. Therefore, we selected 4 stations located at different locations to study the effectiveness and consistency of this system in detecting type IV bursts associated to solar storm during solar maximum. The data chosen was on 10th September 2014 where type IV bursts were formed at 1727 UT until 1745 UT within a frequency range of 135MHz to 390MHz. Accompanying the bursts was a halo CME prior to the bursts’ formation and an X1.6 flare was registered. From the results obtained by all stations, the pattern of the bursts depicts the same characteristic as theory says, by which, they emit a broadband continuum in a zebra pattern with varying fine structures. The formation of the bursts is due to magnetic reconnection and disruption of magnetic loops during large flares on Sept. 10th. As a consequence to type IV bursts associated to a vigorous CME, a major G2 storm was reported by NOAA a couple of days later. The presented results have shown a parallel correlation between type IV bursts detected by those 4 stations and the commencement of geomagnetic disturbance which took place 2 days afterwards.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PADA NOVEL BADAI MATAHARI ANDALUSIA KARYA HARY EL-PARSIA (Transfer code and mix code in Novels Badai Matahari Andalusia Karya Hary El-Parsia)

The language produced by speakers is a reflection of a culture that it adheres to because, incommunication, it certainly has a close relationship with the other person so that the language spoken can bewell understood. A discussion can take place if the style used can be followed so that the message delivered canbe received. This study aims to analyze code-switching and code-mixing in novels Badai Matahari CreationHary El-Parsia. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative carried out by not prioritizing the numbersbut prioritizes the depth of appreciation of the interaction between the concepts being studied imply. The type ofresearch in the literature is. The source and type of data of this research are the data written on novel BadaiMatahari Andalusia. The results of the study showed that in the Solar Storm novel, there were seven quotes fromthe Code and nine quotes from the Code. Code Transfer and Mix The most dominant code is the Transfer ofCode by mixing Indonesian, English, Arabic. In other words, the author Hary El-Parsia in his work uses theTransfer of Code and Mixed Code as the hallmark of his work.Keywords: Code Transfer, Code Combination. Novel. Badai Matahari Andalusia