Effect of different additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of growing pullets fed diets from two varieties of cassava root meal

Cassava is higher in supply of carbohydrates than maize and can potentially replace maize as a veritable energy source in poultry diets. A five-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of pullets. Two hundred and forty 16-weeks old point of lay birdswere allotted to eight dietary treatments in a 2x4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme and amino acids+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Growth measurements were recorded from 17 weeks till the start of lay at 21 weeks old and data on reproductive traits were also recorded in each treatment. Variety effect showed improved (p<0.05) live weight gain at a reduced cost in growing pullets fed with diets containing white cassava than yellow. Supplementing white cassava root meal (WCRM) and yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) with additives did not promote growth of the pullets. Pullets fed with diet containing WCRM supplemented with A.A laid the first egg at an earlier age with lower (p<0.05) body weight.In conclusion, feeding white cassava root meal with no additive to growing pullets improved live weight at a reduced cost, although supplementing white cassava root meal with amino acids resulted in the birds coming to lay earlier. Le manioc est plus riche en glucides que le maïs et peut potentiellement remplacer le maïs en tant que véritable source d'énergie dans l'alimentation des volailles. Une expérience de cinq semaines a été menée pour étudier l'effet de la supplémentation alimentaire de deux variétés de farine de racine de manioc (CRM) avec divers additifs sur les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques de reproduction des poulettes. Deux cent quarante oiseaux de point de ponte âgés de 16 semaines ont été répartis en huit traitements diététiques dans un arrangement factoriel 2x4 de CRM blanc (TME 419) et jaune (ITA/IBD/1368) supplémenté sans additif, d'acides aminés (méthionine et lysine ), enzyme et acides aminés+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Les mesures de croissance ont été enregistrées à partir de 17 semaines jusqu'au début de la ponte à 21 semaines et des données sur les traits de reproduction ont également été enregistrées dans chaque traitement. L'effet de variété a montré une amélioration (p<0,05) du gain de poids vif à un coût réduit chez les poulettes en croissance nourries avec des régimes contenant du manioc blanc plutôt que du jaune. La supplémentation de farine de racine de manioc blanche (WCRM) et de farine de racine de manioc jaune (YCRM) avec des additifs n'a pas favorisé la croissance des poulettes. Les poulettes nourries avec un régime contenant du WCRM supplémenté en AAont pondu le premier œuf à un âge plus précoce avec un poids corporel inférieur (p<0,05). l'ajout d'acides aminés à la farine de racine de manioc blanc a permis aux oiseaux de pondre plus tôt

Egg quality of laying hens fed with cassava (Manihot esculenta), moringa (Moringa oleifera) and bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) in semi-intensive rearing system

This study aimed to evaluate the introduction of cassava flour, moringa leaf meal and bocaiuva pulp in laying hens’ diets on egg quality. Nine hundred eggs from Dekalb® White laying hens between 34 and 54 weeks of age rearing in semi-intensive system were used in the experiment. The laying hens were submitted to the following diets: 1 - diet control: maize and soybean meal base diet; 2 - diet with inclusion of 18% of cassava root meal+4% moringa leaf meal+4% of bocaiuva pulp; 3 - diet with the inclusion of 24% of cassava root meal+6% of moringa leaf meal+6% of bocaiuva pulp; 4 - diet with the inclusion of 30% of cassava root meal+8% of moringa leaf meal+8% bocaiuva pulp. The inclusion of higher levels of alternative ingredients intensified yolk color; it improved the percentage of albumen, yolk index, specific gravity and reduced yolk percentage. The association of 30% de cassava root meal+8% de moringa leaf meal+8% de bocaiuva pulp does not decrease the egg quality; it gives the yolk an orange yellow tone and it can be used in diets of laying hens with 34 and 54 weeks of age in semi-intensive systems.

Mineral and fibre intake of West African dwarf sheep fed boiled cocoa seed testa and sorghum malt dust in cassava root meal based diets

The study was carried out to investigate the mineral and fibre intake of Sheep fed Cocoa Seed Testa (CST) and Sorghum Malt Dust (SMD) in cassava root meal based diets. The feeding trial was conducted on the feed intake response of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep in a completely randomized experimental design using boiled CST and SMD based-diets. A total of twenty-eight sheep were randomly allocated to 11 – 13 months of age of CST at 10, 20 and 30% levels, SMD at 10, 20 and 30% levels and a control. The experiment lasted 90 days. Data generated were computed and subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. In the trial, the Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (4DL), Cellulose and Hemicellulose intake increase as the level of CST increased in the diet except for animals in treatment 3 (30% inclusion of CST). Also, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cellulose and Hemicellulose increased as the level of inclusion of SMD increased in the diet except treatment 6 (30% inclusion of SMD). The NDF intake from forage decreased as the level of SMD in the diets. The mineral intake Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc and Sulphur also followed the same pattern. The mineral intake increased as the level of inclusion of ČST and SMD increased in the diet except in treatment 3 (30% inclusion of CST) and treatment 6 (30% inclusion of SMD) where the value obtained dropped. It was concluded that minerals available in the diets containing boiled Cocoa Seed Testa and Sorghum Malt Dust were significantly (p<0.05) better in their utilization by sheep that consumed boiled Sorghum Malt Dust based diets.

EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF CASSAVA ROOT MEAL ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS

The effects of processing by mashing, cold-pelleting, bent- pelleting and extrusion, and enzyme applicatentation of diets containing 0200 and 400g cassava root meal (CRM)/kg on the performance of broiler chicks were studied. During the first week, DM intake was higher (P<0.05) for the chicks on Diet 1 and the absence of CRM while feeding mash as against pellets reduced feed intake from 7- 28d (P<0.05), weight gain (P<0.001) and feed to gain ratio (P<0.001). Heat -pelleted and extruded diets did not result in significantly, higher intakes (P>0.05) and weight gains compared with the cold-pellet diets. Supplementation with Enzyme premix improved feed to pain ratio (P<0.05) during the resistant starch at first week but had no effect over the 3 week period of the study. Ideal viscosity tests showed In Europe, dietary CRM inclusion had a significant effect (P<0.001) on the intestinal viscosity.

REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE WITH CASSAVA ROOT MEAL EITHER ALONE OR MIXED WITH BREWERS YEAST SLURRY IN DIETS FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS

Twenty four (24) crossbred grower pigs of Large White, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc breeds, which averaged 43.96kg liveweight, were allocated in groups of4 pigs and two replicates, to each of 3 diets. Diet I was a maize-based control while in diets II and III, cassava root meal (CRM) solely, or its mixture with brewers yeast slurry (CRM-BYS) replaced all of the maize in the control. The pigs were group - housed in concrete floor pens where they were fed the test diets to appetite, and had water ad libitum over a 30-day period. Performance parameters were measured during this period, and at the end of it, 4 pigs from each treatment were slaughtered and their carcasses characterized. Average daily feed (ADF), average daily gain (ADG), feed/gain ratio for diets I, II and III were 2.08, 2.07, and 2.01 kg; 0.63, 0.60 and 0.64 kg; 331, 3.48 and 3.15 respectively. The differences were not significant (P >.05). Feed cost/kg liveweight gain was significantly (P< .05) reduced from N19.43 to N14.65 and N11.28 when dietary maize was replaced by CRM and CRM/BYS respectively. Linear and jointed carcass measures, and organ weight did not differ significantly (P>.05) in the different diets. These data show a net advantage of replacing dietary maize with cassava root meal or its mixture with brewers yeast slurry for growing-finishing pigs under the defined conditions.

Response of Laying Hens to total Dietary Replacement of Maize with Cassava.

he response of Isa Brown laying hens during 77–85 weeks of age to peeled unfermented cassava root meal (CRM) as total substitute for maize in diet was examined. Eighty (80) hens were assigned to four dietary treatment groups (T1,T2,T3 and T4) in a completely randomized design. The control diet (CD) contained 40% maize while the proportion of maize in the CD was replaced with 100, 110 and 120% CRM amounting to 40, 44 and 48% of cassava in diet for T2, T3, and T4 respectively. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The CRM diets produced statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements by leading to lower feed intake, better feed conversion and increased hen day production (HDP) with increasing levels of CRM in diet. Although the eggs obtained from birds fed the CD had significantly higher yolk weight than those from the CRM, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in egg weight in all treatment groups. The best overall performance was achieved from birds fed 48% (120% replacement) cassava diet.

RESPONSE OF WEANER-GROWER PIGS TO DIETS CONTAINING SUN-DRIED MIXTURES OF BREWERS YEAST SLURRY WITH MAIZE GRAIN AND CASSAVA ROOT MEAL.

Brewers yeast slurry (BYS) was mixed with ground maize grain (GMG) at 1:1 and 1:1.5 ratios W/W and with cassava root meal (CRM) at 1:1 ratio w/w and were sun-dried to moisture contents of 10% or less within 48 hr. Two separate feeding trials were conducted to determine performance of weaner-grower pigs fed diets containing the BYS mixtures. In the first trial, 3 diets were formulated; the maize-based control (GMG 1), and those containing mixtures of GMG and BYS at 1.5:1 (MYS2) and 1:1 (MYS3) ratios w/w. Three-way crossbred weaner pigs of Large White, Landrace and Hampshire breeds averaging 11.78kg liveweight and approximately 8 wk old were allocated in groups of 4 and fed each of the 3 test diets in two replicates, for 35 days. Performance data showed that ADG, ADF, Feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg liveweight gain (N) were 0.43, 0.42, 0.40 kg; 1.03, 0.95, 0.96 kg; 2.59, 2.35, 2.39 and 17.28, 14.78, 14.11 for CMG1, MYS2, MYS3, respectively. In the second 35-day feeding trial, approximately 14 wk old three-way crossbred pigs similar to the above, and averaging 25.60 kg liveweight were fed diets based on maize grain (MSB), cassava root meal alone (CRM), or CRM mixed with BYS (CYS). ADG, ADF, FCR ratio and feed cost/kg liveweight gain (N) for MSB, CRM, CYS were 0.58, 0.56, 0.66 kg; 1.63, 1.60, 1.71 kg; 2.84, 3.07, 2.62 and 16.68, 13.42, 9.46, respectively. The inclusion of BYS in diets reduced their cost and improved feed utilization with consequent reduced cost of weaner-grower pig liveweight gain.

REPLACING MAIZE WITH CASSAVA ROOT MEAL OR ITS MIXTURE WITH BREWERS YEAST SLURRY IN RABBIT DIETS

Three diets were evaluated for their effect on performance, carcass yield and organ measurements of finisher rabbits. The control was maize-based (MC) while, in the other two diets, cassava root meal (CR) or its mixture with brewers yeast slurry (CYS) replaced the maize. Five approximately 9-week old crossbred (Chinchilla X California X New Zealand White) rabbits which averaged 930g livewight, were allocated to each diet and fed individually for 70days. The rabbits were then slaughtered and their dressed carcasses and organs weighed. At 70days of feeding, the average livewighed of rabbits fed MC, CR and CYS were 2120g, 2026g and 2098g respectively. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were 66.80g, 64.92g and 60.70g, 15.65g and 16.29g and 3.92g and 4.15 and 3.64 for the respective diets. Warm dressing % and organ weight as percent of empty carcass weight did not differ significantly (P >0.05) among the diet. Kidney fat weight was lower (P <0.05) for CYS than for MC and CR. Replacement of maize with CR in the diet lowered (P < 0.05) rabbit performance while that with CYS allowed for more efficient utilization of the diet, and for leaner carcasses of rabbits

Nutritional evaluation of cassava root meal fermented with rumen filtrate in rats.

The study reported herein evaluates with rats the nutritional quality of cassava root meal (CRM) fermented with rumen filtrate using caged layer waste (CLW), pig excreta (PE) and a 1:1 mix of CLW and PE respectively as sources of nitrogen. Some safety aspects regarding possible feed use were also investigated. Wistar rats were fed five purified diets viz; a basal diet (nitrogen free), a reference diet that contained casein and three test diets made of the enhanced CRM. Dietary treatments significantly influenced performance, biological indices and blood parameters (P<0.05). The performances of rats on the enhanced cassava diets were inferior 10 that of rats on casein diet. The level of serum urea and thiocyanate were significantly elevated for rats on the cassava root-based diets compared to the casein diet. Among the enhanced cassava test protein, Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) values of 0.88, 0.57 and 0.62; Net Protein Ratio (NPR) values of 0.27, -0.15 and -0.03 and Biological Value (BV) of 55.04, 39.96 and 52.27 were obtained respectively for cassava enhanced with caged layer waste (CCLW), cassava enhanced with pig excreta (CPE) and cassava with 1.1 mix of caged layer waste and pig excreta (CCLPE). The result obtained from rats on CCLW was significantly better than the other enhanced cassava products.