Effect of different additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of  growing pullets fed diets from two varieties of cassava root meal

Cassava is higher in supply of carbohydrates than maize and can potentially replace maize as a veritable energy source in poultry diets. A five-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on growth performance and reproductive traits of pullets. Two hundred and forty 16-weeks old point of lay birdswere allotted to eight dietary treatments in a 2x4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme and amino acids+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Growth measurements were recorded from 17 weeks till the start of lay at 21 weeks old and data on reproductive traits were also recorded in each treatment. Variety effect showed improved (p<0.05) live weight gain at a reduced cost in growing pullets fed with diets containing white cassava than yellow. Supplementing white cassava root meal (WCRM) and yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) with additives did not promote growth of the pullets. Pullets fed with diet containing WCRM supplemented with A.A laid the first egg at an earlier age with lower (p<0.05) body weight.In conclusion, feeding white cassava root meal with no additive to growing pullets improved live weight at a reduced cost, although supplementing white cassava root meal with amino acids resulted in the birds coming to lay earlier. Le manioc est plus riche en glucides que le maïs et peut potentiellement remplacer le maïs en tant que véritable source d'énergie dans l'alimentation des volailles. Une expérience de cinq semaines a été menée pour étudier l'effet de la supplémentation alimentaire de deux variétés de farine de racine de manioc (CRM) avec divers additifs sur les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques de reproduction des poulettes. Deux cent quarante oiseaux de point de ponte âgés de 16 semaines ont été répartis en huit traitements diététiques dans un arrangement factoriel 2x4 de CRM blanc (TME 419) et jaune (ITA/IBD/1368) supplémenté sans additif, d'acides aminés (méthionine et lysine ), enzyme et acides aminés+enzyme (A.A+Enz). Les mesures de croissance ont été enregistrées à partir de 17 semaines jusqu'au début de la ponte à 21 semaines et des données sur les traits de reproduction ont également été enregistrées dans chaque traitement. L'effet de variété a montré une amélioration (p<0,05) du gain de poids vif à un coût réduit chez les poulettes en croissance nourries avec des régimes contenant du manioc blanc plutôt que du jaune. La supplémentation de farine de racine de manioc blanche (WCRM) et de farine de racine de manioc jaune (YCRM) avec des additifs n'a pas favorisé la croissance des poulettes. Les poulettes nourries avec un régime contenant du WCRM supplémenté en AAont pondu le premier œuf à un âge plus précoce avec un poids corporel inférieur (p<0,05). l'ajout d'acides aminés à la farine de racine de manioc blanc a permis aux oiseaux de pondre plus tôt

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Effects of amino acid biomass or feed-grade amino acids on growth performance of growing swine and poultry12

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 49-58

Author(s):

Madie R Wensley ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M Derouchey ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Poultry Diets ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of three fermented amino acids (AA) with their respective biomass compared to crystalline AA on the growth performance of swine and poultry. In experiment 1, 315 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, initially 11.3 ± 0.69 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 15 or 16 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (16% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Tryptophan:lysine [Trp:Lys] ratio), positive control (21% SID Trp:Lys ratio from crystalline Trp), or diets containing Trp with biomass to provide 21 or 23.5% SID Trp:Lys ratios, respectively. Pigs fed the positive control or low Trp with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the negative control diet, with pigs fed the high Trp with biomass diet intermediate. Pigs fed the low Trp with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to the negative control diet, with others intermediate. In experiment 2, 1,320 1-d-old male broilers (Cobb 500, initially 45.2 g) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 33 birds per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (58/58% Threonine:lysine [Thr:Lys] ratio), positive control (65/66% Thr:Lys ratio from crystalline Thr), or diets containing Thr with biomass to provide 65/66 or 69/70% Thr:Lys ratios in starter and grower diets, respectively. Broilers fed the positive control or Thr with biomass diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to broilers fed the negative control diet. Broilers fed the positive control or the low Thr with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to the negative control and high Thr with biomass treatments. In experiment 3, 2,100 one-day-old male broilers (Cobb 500, initially 39.4 g) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 35 birds per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (59/63% Valine:lysine [Val:Lys] ratio), positive control (75/76% Val:Lys ratio from crystalline Val), or diets containing Val with biomass to provide 75/76 or 84/83% Val:Lys ratios in starter and grower diets, respectively. Broilers fed the positive control or Val with biomass diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared to those fed the negative control diet. In conclusion, Trp, Thr, or Val with their respective biomass appear to be equally bioavailable and a suitable alternative to crystalline AA in swine and poultry diets.

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Replacement value of unpeeled cassava rootmeal (UCRM ) for maize in weaner rabbit diets

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v35i1.1146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 63-68

Author(s):

S. O. Omoikhoje ◽

A. M. Bamgbose ◽

M. B. Aruna

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Efficiency Ratio ◽

Organoleptic Properties ◽

Cassava Root ◽

Mixed Breed ◽

Cassava Root Meal ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Cost

Twenty four mixed breed (New Zealand x Chinchila) rabbits aged six weeks with average initial weight of 560g were used to examine the effect of replacing maize with unpeeled cassava root meal (UCRM) on the performance, organoleptic properties and economy of rabbit production. The rabbits were divided into four groups and assigned to four treatment diets formulated with 0, 10, 20 and 30% UCRM respectively. Average live weight and weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) improved by the increasing levels of URCM, but feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. All the organoleptic properties were not affected significantly (P>0.05) by the dietary treatments. However, the increasing levels of UCRM reduced the cost per kg feed, seed cost per kg weight gain and cost of production of rabbits to matured weight. Therefore, the utilization of unpeeled cassava root meal us replacement for maize up to 30% level is profitable and feasible in rabbit diets formulation.

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PSIV-11 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Growth Performance Traits of Finishing Swine

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 187-188

Author(s):

Pengcheng Xue ◽

Don W Giesting ◽

Mark D Newcomb ◽

Chad M Pilcher ◽

Matthew J Ritter

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Random Effect ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Performance Traits ◽

And Gender ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Commercial Research

Abstract This study was conducted at a commercial research facility and utilized 1,092 finishing pigs (PIC® 337 × Camborough®) in a RCBD with 3 dietary treatments to determine the effects of commercially available phytogenic feed additives on growth performance traits in finishing swine for the last 35 d prior to marketing. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control; 2) Aromex Pro® (AP; Delacon) fed at 0.01%; and 3) Ambitine® (AM; PMI) fed at 0.1%. Pens with 13 pigs/pen and 0.66 m2/pig were randomly allotted to treatments on the basis of live weight and gender. Pigs had ad libitum access to corn-soy diets that met or exceeded the pig’s requirements (NRC, 2012). Aromex Pro® and Ambitine® were added to the diets at the expense of corn. Dietary treatments started on day 0 (BW = 97.7 kg; SEM = 1.04) and were fed throughout the 35 d trial period. On d 21, the two heaviest pigs per pen were marketed, while the remaining pigs in each pen were marketed on d 35. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 21, and 35. Data were analyzed by using PROC MIXED of SAS® version 9.4, and pen was the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of replicate. Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts were used to compare AP vs. Control and AM vs. Control. Feeding AP or AM for the last 35 d in finishing both improved (P < 0.05) ADG by 4%, ADFI by 3% and final BW by 1.6 kg over Control, but did not change feed to gain or mortality. These data demonstrate that phytogenic feed additives can improve growth performance traits in finishing swine.

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129 Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and colonic pH in diets fed to weanling pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.185 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 101-102

Author(s):

Jaron R Lewton ◽

Adrienne Woodward ◽

Ronny Moser ◽

Kyan M Thelen ◽

Adam J Moeser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Fiber Digestion ◽

Males And Females ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Impact

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on apparent digestibility and colonic pH of nursery pigs. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial BW: 6.99 ± 1.67 kg), were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and randomly allotted to sixteen pens, with five pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (DFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based, formulated to meet all or exceed all nutritional requirements, and manufactured on site. Diets were fed for 42 days. Performance measures were recorded weekly. On d 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen was randomly selected and euthanized, with equal number of males and females represented. Digestibility of specific nutrients was evaluated within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and distal colon. There were no overall differences in growth performance. Overall means ± SD were 0.51 ± 0.05 kg/d, 0.79 ± 0.05 kg/d and 0.66 ± 0.05 for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively. Digestibility of tryptophan within the jejunum tended (P = 0.06) to increase with addition of DFM, as did cysteine (P = 0.12) and methionine (P = 0.10). The analysis also suggested that the impact of the DFM on the digestibility of amino acids may be early in the nursery phase. The pH of contents in ascending colon, a possible indicator of varied fiber digestion, did not differ. Likewise, no differences were observed between treatment in apparent total tract nitrogen and energy digestibility (analysis of distal colon contents). The addition of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based DFM appears to impact digestibility of select amino acids depending upon location in the gastrointestinal tract.

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138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 70-71

Author(s):

Julia P Holen ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Average Length ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P < 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P < 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.

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Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and economic characteristics of turkey poults fed millet-based diets as a replacement for maize

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v41i1.2695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 91-99

Author(s):

A. A. Malik ◽

M. J. Ibrahim ◽

Y. S. Kudu ◽

O. P. Jibogun ◽

Y. J. Adeniyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Lower Cost ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Live Weight ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Turkey Poults ◽

Dietary Treatments

A nine (9) weeks feeding trial was conducted on seventy two (72) day-old Indigenous turkey poults raised on deep litter to determine their growth performance, carcass and economic characteristics when fed three dietary treatments (T1, T2, and T3, containing 0%, 25% and 50% replacement of maize with millet respectively. The birds were divided into three replicates of 8 birds per replicate; making a total of 24 birds per treatment. At the end of the & week, 4 birds per replicate were transferred to specially-designed metabolism cages for a digestibility study involving the collection of faecal droppings; while at the end of the week of the experiments, two birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine their carcass characteristics. Turkey poults fed millet at 25 %replacement showed significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight gain, lower cost of feed per kg live weight gain and higher revenue generated per bird; but there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the performance of birds on 0% and 50 % replacements for those parameters. Also, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in feed intake and mortality across the treatments. Similarly, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in nutrient digestibilities and carcass characteristics of the birds among the various dietary treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded hat millet cam be used to replace maize up to S0 % in the diets of turkey poults at the starter phase with no detrimental effects on their performance

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Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on performance, amino acids digestibility, trypsin activity, and intestinal morphology in broilers

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/6996-cjas ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 470-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Foltyn ◽

V. Rada ◽

M. Lichovníková ◽

I. Šafařík ◽

A. Lohniský ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Trypsin Activity ◽

Villus Height ◽

Isoleucine Leucine ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Different Levels

The influence of different levels of extruded full-fat soybean (EFFSB) in the diet on growth performance, apparent ileal amino acids digestibility (AIAAD), intestinal morphology, and trypsin activity in digesta of broilers was determined. In the first experiment, two-hundred sixty ROSS 308 male chickens were used to investigate the effect of EFFSB on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and trypsin activity in the digesta and AIAAD. Five dietary treatments were used, containing 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 g/kg of EFFSB. The experiment lasted from day 10 till day 38 of age. The inclusion of EFFSB at the level of 160 g/kg in the diet significantly (P < 0.05) decreased final body weight (2443 g in 0 group vs. 2093 in 160 group) and worsened feed efficiency. AIAAD was lower when diet contained more than 40 g/kg EFFSB. But at the level of 160 g/kg AIAAD increased in several amino acids (threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine). Trypsin activity increased with increasing EFFSB in the diets. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in AIAAD between groups 80, 120, and 160. Villus height (groups 0: 966.2; 4: 852.1; 8: 792.6; 12: 836.3; 16: 926.7 µm) and crypt depth (groups 0: 160.1; 4: 134.8; 8: 122.9; 12: 129.5; 16: 134.6 µm) of ileum decreased with inclusion of EFFSB in the diet, but villi/crypt ratio increased. In the second experiment, male chickens ROSS 308 were divided into 4 groups with 2 replicates per 100 chicks each. The groups were fed 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/kg of EFFSB. The experiment lasted from day 10 till day 38 of age. Final body weight (2594 g in 0 group vs. 2624 g in 120 group) was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the diet. The study showed that EFFSB at the level of 120 g/kg in grower broiler diet had no adverse effect on performance.  

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Influence of Dietary Substitution of Palm Oil by Rapeseed Oil at Different Levels on Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3969 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

C. Sudharsan ◽

S. Senthil Murugan ◽

Biju Chacko ◽

Sanis Juliet ◽

Suresh N. Nair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Poultry Diets

Background: Fat and oil are commonly used in poultry diets to increase energy density and also to increase the palatability of feed, feed efficiency and for deposition of fat in broilers. Thus a study was proposed to find the effects of dietary replacement of saturated fatty acid rich palm oil (PO) by omega-3 rich rapeseed oil (RO) on growth performance and economics in broilers. Method: The growth performance feeding trial was conducted in 160 day-old broilers (vencobb 400) with four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) with four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diet (R1) was prepared with palm oil included at the rate of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher ration, respectively and fed to G1. The other treatment groups G2, G3 and G4 received R2, R3 and R4 experimental rations respectively. The experimental rations R2, R3 and R4 were prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil which was included in R1. Result: The broiler ration prepared with rapeseed oil at 50 and 100 per cent level (G3 and G4) replacing palm oil showed increased body weight gain (P less than 0.01) and better feed conversion ratio (P less than 0.05) than G1 group. There was no significant difference in the feed intake among the different treatment groups. Profit per kg live weight in G3 (Rs.12.06) and G4 (Rs.11.14) was more than G1 (Rs.8.21) and G2 (Rs.6.57). The supplementation of omega-3 rich rapeseed oil had significantly improved the performance of broilers.

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Effects of Long-Term Feeding of Treated Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Mineral Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Back Fat in Pigs

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2020-0035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

L. Bujňák ◽

P. Naď ◽

M. Skalická ◽

S. Marcinčák

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Mineral Profile ◽

Dietary Treatments

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with treated rape-seed meal (tRSM) on the growth performance, blood mineral levels and fatty acid composition of back fat in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 12 crossbred pigs (Slovakian White × Landrace) with an initial live weight of 40.82 ± 2.69 kg were divided into two dietary treatments. The experimental period lasted 84 days; 38 days in the growing period and 46 days in the finishing period. The dietary treatments were as follows: control, a SBM-based diet (growing and finishing), and experimental, a treated RSM-based diet (growing and finishing). The rapeseed meal was treated with a product that neutralizes the negative physiological effects of anti-nutritive glucosinolates contained in rapeseed products for livestock feeding. Our analysis showed minor, no significant negative effects of tRSM on live weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. Replacing SBM with tRSM had no significant effects on the proportion of the total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids of back fat samples, as well as concentrations of analysed serum minerals except zinc level. In conclusion, the inclusion of 25 % and 18 % of treated RSM in growing and finishing pig diets had no negative effects on the growth performance, blood mineral profile or fatty acid composition of back fat.

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PSIX-37 Evaluation of reducing dietary crude protein concentrations coupled with increasing essential amino acids on growth performance in fattening pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.700 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 351-352

Author(s):

S-M Hong ◽

D Jung ◽

S-J You

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Net Energy ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Fattening Pigs

Abstract A body of evidence suggests that low-protein diets in swine have benefits in view of environmental stewardship and economic returns. The present study was performed to evaluate essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation in the diets with reducing crude protein (CP) concentrations on growth performance in fattening pigs. We hypothesized that a low-CP diet with elevated EAA concentrations would result in similar growth performance in fattening pigs compared with a normal CP diet. Eighty finishing pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 72.0 ± 5.34 kg were assigned in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to test 4 dietary treatments: 1) 15.5% CP with EAA concentration at 109% of NRC requirement (control); 2) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 111% of NRC requirement (EAA111); 3) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 113% of NRC requirement (EAA113); and 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 115% of NRC requirement (EAA115). The diets were isocaloric, whereas crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Val were added to the diets to achieve the varying levels of EAA in the treatments. The Lys-to-net energy ratio in the diets was maintained at 3.06, 3.12, 3.18, and 3.24 to the control, EAA111, EAA113, and EAA115, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect final BW. Additionally, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar across the treatments. On average, pigs fed the control and EAA111 numerically decreased FCR compared to those fed EAA113 and 115 (3.21 vs. 3.35, respectively; P = 0.46). Total feed cost throughout the experiment was $9.0/head lessen in EAA111 relative to the control; however, total feed costs to EAA113 and EAA115 were greater than the control. In summary, a low-CP diet with increased EAA supplementations did not have any negative impact on growth performance of fattening pigs.

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