“A FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PRIMAQUINE LOADED NANO EMULSION OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUG”

Malaria, a very fatal disease that is killing millions of people for over 30 years. It is being caused by the parasites termed Plasmodium. Each species of this parasite has its own different characteristics but the major deaths due to malaria are being caused by Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. Nano emulsions are formed by the mixture of two immiscible liquids in which one phase is dispersed in another phase. Mostly nano-emulsions consist of oil molecules or droplets dispersed in a watery phase of water droplets dispersed in an oily phase depending on their method of preparation. Nano emulsions show the separation of two different layers within them that is mostly termed phase separation. Primaquine when incorporated into oral nano-emulsion having a particle size in the range of 50–200 nm showed effective antimalarial activity. Nano emulsion of primaquine exhibited improved oral bioavailability. Nanoparticle were evaluated for dye test, Filter paper test, microscopy, refractive index, invitro release pattern.

Microwave Filter Analysis and Design

A microwave filter is a two-port component usually employed when there is a need to control the frequency response at any given point in a microwave system. They provide transmission at certain frequencies, which are known as the passband frequencies, and attenuation at other frequencies, which are referred to as the stopband frequencies. The frequencies outside the passband are attenuated or reflected. Microwave filter is often named after the polynomial used to form its transfer function (i.e., Chebyshev, Butterworth [or maximally flat], Elliptical, etc.). The filter can be further sub-divided into four categorises (i.e., lowpass, highpass, bandstop, and bandpass filters) according to its frequency responses. This chapter gives a detailed discussion on filter classification and transfer function. It also covers the analysis, design, and implementation of a test microwave filter using the 21st century SIW transmission line. The simulation and measurement results of the test filter is also presented, compared, and discussed.

Assessment of Micro-Organism Growth Risk on Filters with Machine Learning

Modern buildings usually have a practically air-tight envelope. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is very often necessary. A crucial part of the system is the filter which allows to create an atmosphere which is free of dust, aerosols, and pollen. As organic material accumulates on the filter surface, the risk of micro-organism growth rises. This may yield health issues especially for the occupants of buildings in humid regions. For this purpose, a test filter with electrodes has been designed which allowed to measure its electro-magnetic properties, such as resistance, capacitance, and impedance as an indicator for the micro-organism growth risk. After some preliminary tests, electrodes of stainless steel and the electrical capacitance have been selected due to their best durability and signal-to-noise-ratio. The test filter has been implemented in the HVAC system of the institute in order to aggregate data for different abnormal and normal operation data. A machine learning algorithm has been trained successfully to detect anomalies of the filter behaviour and therefore provided more insight than pressure drop measurement alone. Finally, the change intervals of the filter could be adapted to the real degree of pollution without the requirement for visual observation in order to provide best air conditions.

Simulation of an Evolving Convective Boundary Layer Using a Scale-Dependent Dynamic Smagorinsky Model at Near-Gray-Zone Resolutions

A scale-dependent Lagrangian-averaged dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid scheme with stratification effects is used to simulate the evolving convective boundary layer of the Wangara (Australia) case study in the gray-zone regime (specifically, for grid lengths from 25 to 400 m). The dynamic Smagorinsky and standard Smagorinsky approaches are assessed for first- and second-order quantities in comparison with results derived from coarse-grained large-eddy simulation (LES) fields. In the LES regime, the subgrid schemes produce very similar results, albeit with some modest differences near the surface. At coarser resolutions, the use of the standard Smagorinsky approach significantly delays the onset of resolved turbulence, with the delay increasing with coarsening resolution. In contrast, the dynamic Smagorinsky scheme much improves the spinup and so is also able to maintain consistency with the LES temperature profiles at the coarser resolutions. Moreover, the resolved part of the turbulence reproduces well the turbulence profiles obtained from the coarse-grained fields, especially in the near gray zone. The dynamic scheme does become somewhat overenergetic with further coarsening of the resolution, especially near the surface. The dynamic scheme reaches its limit in the current configuration when the test filter starts to sample at the unresolved scales, returning very small Smagorinsky coefficients. Sensitivity tests reveal that the dynamic model can adapt to changes in the imposed numerical or subgrid diffusion by adjusting the Smagorinsky constant to the changing flow field and minimizing the dissipation effects on the resolved turbulence structures.

LES of Flow Past a Circular Cylinder With Roughened Surface

The present work concerns large eddy simulation (LES) of flow past smooth and roughened circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers in the subcritical, critical, and supercritical regimes. The cylinder surface is either entirely or partially roughened by irregular distributed roughness. The statistics obtained from the actual roughness samples are used to numerically generate the roughness height distribution on the cylinder surface. Part of the roughness height variations on the surface can be resolved by the LES grid, the contribution from the unresolved part of the surface roughness is modeled by a dynamic sub-grid-scale (SGS) surface roughness model developed by Anderson & Meneveau. Similar to the dynamic Smagorinsky SGS model, the model parameter is determined dynamically using a consistency condition for the total force calculated at both the grid- and test-filter widths. The LES results are compared with measured data.

Biodegradation of a mixture of benzophenone, benzophenone-3, caffeine and carbamazepine in a laboratory test filter

The biodegradation of a mixture of four pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) (benzophenone (BP), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), caffeine (CF) and carbamazepine (CBZ)) was studied in a laboratory test filter. The column was filled with inert material to exclude the adsorption processes and to enable the development of the biofilm, while river water was recirculated. High removal for BP, BP-3 and CF was observed from the beginning of the experiment at the initial concentration of 20 ?g L-1 (90?99 %). In the case of CBZ analytical difficulties were experienced. The efficacy of biodegradation reflected as a change of the overall toxicity of initial mixture of selected PPCPs vs. toxicity of samples which were undergone different biodegradation phases was assessed with two standard laboratory tests with apical endpoint ? acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna (immobilisation) and bioluminescence inhibition with Vibrio fisheri. Toxicity tests showed the substantial reduction of the overall mixture toxicity in a laboratory test filter. The residual toxicity to D. magna might be attributed to undetected transformation products.

High Order Numerical Methods for the Dynamic SGS Model of Turbulent Flows with Shocks

Simulation of turbulent flows with shocks employing subgrid-scale (SGS) filtering may encounter a loss of accuracy in the vicinity of a shock. This paper addresses the accuracy improvement of LES of turbulent flows in two ways: (a) from the SGS model standpoint and (b) from the numerical method improvement standpoint. In an internal report, Kotov et al. ( “High Order Numerical Methods for large eddy simulation (LES) of Turbulent Flows with Shocks”, CTR Tech Brief, Oct. 2014, Stanford University), we performed a preliminary comparative study of different approaches to reduce the loss of accuracy within the framework of the dynamic Germano SGS model. The high order low dissipative method of Yee & Sjögreen (2009) using local flow sensors to control the amount of numerical dissipation where needed is used for the LES simulation. The considered improved dynamics model approaches include applying the one-sided SGS test filter of Sagaut & Germano (2005) and/or disabling the SGS terms at the shock location. For Mach 1.5 and 3 canonical shock-turbulence interaction problems, both of these approaches show a similar accuracy improvement to that of the full use of the SGS terms. The present study focuses on a five levels of grid refinement study to obtain the reference direct numerical simulation (DNS) solution for additional LES SGS comparison and approaches. One of the numerical accuracy improvements included here applies Harten's subcell resolution procedure to locate and sharpen the shock, and uses a one-sided test filter at the grid points adjacent to the exact shock location.