The Principle of Excluded Middle in Kant

The principle of excluded middle is more important than is commonly believed for understanding Kant's overall philosophical project. In the article, this principle is examined in the following contexts: (i) kinds of judgments, (ii) concepts of opposition, negation, and determination, and (iii) apagogic proof. It is first explained how the principle of excluded middle is employed by Kant in distinguishing between the kinds of judgment. Also called the principle of division, it is the principle of disjunctive and apodictic judgments in Kant's famous table of judgments. Next, the Author shows which kind of opposition is related to the principle of the excluded middle. As a merely logical criterion of truth, this principle grounds the logical necessity of a cognition and plays an important role in the use of apagogical proofs. Then Kant's account of logical negation will be investigated briefly. Negative judgment with a negative copula indicates that something is not contained within the sphere of a given concept. This process occurs in accordance with the principle of excluded middle. Finally, an analysis is made of how Kant presents the metaphysical principle of thoroughgoing determination and its differences from the logical principle of excluded middle.

Природні інтелектуальні системи: протиріччя методологій цілісного і системного підходів та шляхи їх подолання

This study aims to solve the problems of the methodology of holistic and systemic approaches and to establish the form of relations between them. In the general theory of systems between the concepts of "system" and "whole" the relation of primacy is established, namely: the system is recognized as primary, and the concept of "whole" is applied to the formation of properties of the system: emergence and integrativity. For the whole, the regularity of the relationship between the part and whole is established and studied. Besides, it is this pattern is the basis for establishing the characteristics of the system and its elements. In this study, it is proposed to abandon this form of relationship between the system and the whole and move on to the study of the whole as an independent object. In the study of this whole, it is also proposed to abandon the establishment of the form of interaction between the part and the whole and to proceed to the study of the interaction of the parts as a whole. The study of the concept of "organized whole" based on the theory of functional systems, which is considered a natural intellectual system, provided the separation of two parts in an organized whole. Thus, the problem of synthesis of the organized whole is solved. For these two parts, the ways of realization of activity in the form of the decision of the corresponding problems are established. On this basis, the logical principle of mutual relations between the parts of the whole and the results of the realization of their activity in the form of a dialectical triple relation "general" - "special" - "singular, concrete" was determined. It is established that the form of representation of the middle member of this relationship, namely, "special" should be the appropriate sign. The proposed approach investigates the mechanism of interaction (dialectical unity) of two active parts of an organized whole, for which the result of this interaction (zero) is known. The relationship between the system and the organized whole is established in the form of "part" - "whole." The logical sequence of formation of contradictions, axioms, and rules of formation and activity of natural intellectual system which is realized in the given work, is an example of the practical application of a logical method of knowledge of laws.

Parent-Child Attachment: A Principle-Based Concept Analysis

Introduction Extensive evidence indicates that the quality of parent-child attachment is related to later socio-emotional and physical health outcomes. Yet, despite its clinical relevance, the parent-child attachment concept has been inconsistently applied across the disciplines of nursing, medicine and psychology and is often conflated with parent-child bonding in nursing literature. Objectives To provide readers with a critical analysis of the concept of parent-child attachment. Using a principle-based concept analysis, we clarify how parent-child attachment is understood from a multidisciplinary perspective to advance the use of this concept in nursing practice. Concept Description: Attachment is an affectionate, mutually satisfying relationship between a child and a caregiver that serves the purpose of making the child feel safe, secure, and protected. Discussion In this principle-based concept analysis, each definitional (i.e., epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic, and logical) principle contributes to an understanding of the strengths and limitations of the state of science about this concept. The discussion highlights how applying the concept of parent-child attachment security may offer exciting and promising opportunities for nursing clinical work with families. Conclusion The understanding of the concept of parent-child attachment differs among disciplines of nursing, medicine and psychology and offers exciting and promising opportunities for clarity and collaborative, multi-disciplinary work.

Conflict Analysis of PT Emas Mineral Murni in Nagan Raya and Central Aceh Regency

This research describes how the mining conflicts in Nagan Raya and Central Aceh Regency between the local community and PT Emas Mineral Murni (PT EMM). This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study as a data collection technique by searching literature through online news pages on the internet using the search keyword “Aceh Conflict PT EMM”. Content analysis uses Occam’s razor logical principle to read and interpret data to explain a complete picture of the conflict situation without involving unnecessary assumptions. This research found many stakeholders involved in the conflict aside from the local community and PT EMM. Besides, the conflict is focused not only on competition to seize natural resources but also on overlapping legal authority. Low interaction between stakeholders causes conflict to grow and develop. The conflict’s final result is a resolution in the form of a petition signed by the Acting Governor. He stated that he would sue PT EMM with a guarantee of resigning from the position if he cannot realize Acehnese students’ aspirations.

Maximal Non-trivial Sets of Instances of Your Least Favorite Logical Principle

The paper generalizes Van McGee's well-known result that there are many maximal consistent sets of instances of Tarski's schema to a number of non-classical theories of truth. It is shown that if a non-classical theory rejects some classically valid principle in order to avoid the truth-theoretic paradoxes, then there will be many maximal non-trivial sets of instances of that principle that the non-classical theorist could in principle endorse. On the basis of this it is argued that the idea of classical recapture, which plays such an important role for non-classical logicians, can only be pushed so far.

THE EXISTENCE OF THE AUTHOR'S TEXT IN THE CONTEXT OF UNDERSTANDING PLATONIC EIDOS

This article is devoted to the study of musical text in the context of the Plato ontology. Our task is to show the process of cognitive comprehension of a musical text as an ontological and hermeneutic reflection. It is fundamentally important for the author to become acquainted with two basic philoso-phical positions, showing fundamentally opposite views on the musical ontology as a whole. To reveal the existence of a musical text at the ontological and hermeneutic levels, we need to develop the neces-sary tools to “subtract” the authentic meanings that underlie the creation of the creator of the text. In the context of the problem under study, we will get acquainted with the various ontological positions of philosophers such as Peter Kivy, Jerome Levinson and other thinkers. Observing, for example, the invisible controversy of Kiwi and Levinson, we can track two radically opposite approaches to the study of musical text. Developing the position of classical Platonism that musical compositions are discovered rather than created, Peter Kivy shows us musical works as discovered eternal types. The opposite position is that of Jerome Levinson, showing a musical composition as a soluble idea, which lies in the potentiality of the author. This approach criticizes the idea of combining musical creations with Platonic universals (Kivy), arguing, on the contrary, about the author’s onto-logical principle. Choosing one of the approaches to understanding the authentic intent of the author’s text, we need to establish the primary and secondary levels of reflection. Given the direct relationship between the author and the interpreter of the text, it is important for us to identify the ontological conditions for the emergence of the text as the primary level of reflective immersion. The level of hermeneutic exist-ence, which implies the conditions and variability of the musical variant of the text, we will attribute to second-order reflection. Thus, in the context of the Plato ontology, it is important for us to identify the uniqueness of the historical text and show the self-existence of its existence. In this regard, the author comes to the con-clusion that the moment of birth of the text is in intuitive experience as an eternal idea that does not depend on anything and does not go anywhere. This level is the most basic, since the fact of fixing the idea of the text in direct graphics is secondary, and having recognized the graphics, the transcriptor creates the interpretation-thing of the idea, just trying to establish similarity as the principle of com-munication. An attempt to establish this connection in the form of a musical interpretation is multivari-ate and coincides with the original idea only partially. As a result, at the hermeneutic level, scoring of musical notations enlivens the musical being of the text, but at the same time alienates us from under-standing its original idea.

On the Soviet technological chronotope of the 1970s–1980s

The article studies the essence of the Soviet technological chronotope (the research object) resulted from a combination of material and semantic achievements of the scientific, technical and sociopolitical development of Soviet society in the 1970s–1980s. The methodological basis of the study is A.A. Ukhtomsky and M.M. Bakhtin’s theory of chronotope, postulating the ontological and functional interconnectedness of time and space. This theory allows revealing a studied object as a structure with two attributes being its forming elements — spatial and temporal. The former depicts belonging to a specific geographical material locus and semantic cultural and civilizational space; the latter describes a certain length and the period of objective time included in the semantic wholeness of interconnected cultural and historical eras. The study reveals the complex nature of its subject, because the fundamental essence of the technological chronotope is formed by the ontological essence of technology. It historically developed as a result of evolution of the European type of thinking, primarily in the classical epistemology of the New Age. The study shows the general essence of the technological chronotope, i.e its formation in the process of objectification of the rational and logical principle that underlies temporary acts of the human mind. The technological chronotope acts as temporal logic of internal chronology of human thinking, this logic being embodied in the space of material objective reality. Further, the study reveals the significance of the unique and original semantic content of the Soviet technological chronotope, surrounding its essential quality and forming a recognizable cultural and historical image. This chronotope is funded by the contradictory evolution of the Soviet social system, whose ideological component significantly evolved. It transformed from demonstrative praising of daily striking labor for the benefit of the global goal of the communist expansion to the era of stagnation, when alienation and depersonalization of everyday being of man served as one of the key reasons for the collapse of the Soviet technological chronotope

Camere Azzurre

The Mediterranean world has been seen for centuries as a ‘hyperbaric chamber’ in which the production of idyllic images by Grand Tour travellers has led its actual architectural evolution to the abysses, as a result of compromises in space. This has involved the construction of a (counter-)Atlas within which the architectures have acted by transfers, thus redefining the notion of geography according to space. This work investigates this 'encroaching' through the theme of the bourgeois dwelling, seeking a logical principle between the Mediterranean and the architectures by Palladio, Rossi and Märkli, united by a system of invisible distances able to demonstrate the temporariness of the 'maps'. Therefore, if it is true that the construction of space is able to change the geographical maps, it is legitimate to ask in this sense where the Mediterranean ends, a question to which this work tries to find an answer by means of the architectural project and its compositional phenomena.