Природні інтелектуальні системи: протиріччя методологій цілісного і системного підходів та шляхи їх подолання

This study aims to solve the problems of the methodology of holistic and systemic approaches and to establish the form of relations between them. In the general theory of systems between the concepts of "system" and "whole" the relation of primacy is established, namely: the system is recognized as primary, and the concept of "whole" is applied to the formation of properties of the system: emergence and integrativity. For the whole, the regularity of the relationship between the part and whole is established and studied. Besides, it is this pattern is the basis for establishing the characteristics of the system and its elements. In this study, it is proposed to abandon this form of relationship between the system and the whole and move on to the study of the whole as an independent object. In the study of this whole, it is also proposed to abandon the establishment of the form of interaction between the part and the whole and to proceed to the study of the interaction of the parts as a whole. The study of the concept of "organized whole" based on the theory of functional systems, which is considered a natural intellectual system, provided the separation of two parts in an organized whole. Thus, the problem of synthesis of the organized whole is solved. For these two parts, the ways of realization of activity in the form of the decision of the corresponding problems are established. On this basis, the logical principle of mutual relations between the parts of the whole and the results of the realization of their activity in the form of a dialectical triple relation "general" - "special" - "singular, concrete" was determined. It is established that the form of representation of the middle member of this relationship, namely, "special" should be the appropriate sign. The proposed approach investigates the mechanism of interaction (dialectical unity) of two active parts of an organized whole, for which the result of this interaction (zero) is known. The relationship between the system and the organized whole is established in the form of "part" - "whole." The logical sequence of formation of contradictions, axioms, and rules of formation and activity of natural intellectual system which is realized in the given work, is an example of the practical application of a logical method of knowledge of laws.

General theory of functional systems as a theoretical-methodological framework of the pedagogical system of quality assurance

The subject of this research is the pedagogical system of quality assurance. The goal consists in searching for innovative ways of the development of theoretical-methodological foundations for creating the pedagogical system of quality assurance in the higher education institution. The author examines such aspects as the development pf complex pedagogical systems in accordance with the hierarchical principle of compiling its fundamental pedagogical units (pedagogical subsystems), which allow creating branched architecture of the complex pedagogical system is created, depending on the goal and tasks of solution of pedagogical problem (in this case, the problem of quality assurance). Research methodology is based on the productive theoretical-methodological coupling of the concept of the general theory of functional systems (P. K. Anokhin) and the theory of pedagogical systems (N. V. Kuzmina). Comparative analysis is conducted on the analogies of the pedagogical system of quality assurance (according to the author’s version) and the classical functional system of behavioral act of a living organism. As a result, the author develop generalized architecture of the pedagogical system of quality assurance of the university. The novelty of this work consists in introduction of the concept of “pedagogical system of quality assurance” into the general classification of pedagogical systems of vocational education as an example of functional systems. The obtained results can be applied in creation of situational service for predicting and correcting the useful adaptive outcome of the activity of pedagogical system for improving the quality of higher education.

Deep Learning of Adaptive Control Systems Based on a Logical-probabilistic Approach

The problem of automatic selection of subgoals is currently one of the most relevant in adaptive control problems, in particular, in Reinforcement Learning. This paper proposes a logical-probabilistic approach to the construction of adaptive learning control systems capable of detecting deep implicit subgoals. The approach uses the ideas of the neurophysiological Theory of functional systems to organize the control scheme, and logical-probabilistic methods of machine learning to train the rules of the system and identify subgoals. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an example of solving a three-stage foraging problem containing two nested implicit subgoals

Neurorehabilitation: Sanogenetic and pathogenetic foundations of innovative directions

The processes of sanogenesis and pathogenesis in patients with acute cerebrovascular accident occur simultaneously, starting with the acute period of stroke. In most cases, this is a single process viewed from different perspectives. Modern innovative areas of neurorehabilitation include the use of drug therapy, rehabilitation measures and mechanisms of sanogenesis and self-healing, which can be influenced by the methods used in the course of restoring the health of neurological patients. The organizational model of modern neurorehabilitation is based on an interdisciplinary multistage approach. The analysis of the relationship between patho‑ and sanogenetic reactions is important for the development of this organizational model. Exogenous therapeutic and rehabilitation measures form a single complex with endogenous factors of sanogenesis. These measures achieve the maximum effect only with the conscious active participation of the patient in the recovery process. The theoretical basis of the research is the concept of the theory of functional systems by P. K. Anokhin and the axiomatic theory of human health. The integration of these approaches is considered as the most general self-acting self-healing mechanism, concretized in the form of the concept of sanogenesis. Mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis are activated at all levels when a damaging factor occurs. Pathogenesis develops, becoming an integral part of the processes of sanogenesis.

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНІ СИСТЕМИ: ПРИНЦИП ЕВРИСТИЧНОЇ САМООРГАНІЗАЦІЇ

The purpose of this study is to compare methods of self-organization for two forms of cybernetic systems, namely: intelligent systems based on the theory of functional systems, as organized whole; automated control systems. Each of these systems can be divided into two parts. Moreover, for intelligent systems, the problem of self-organization is posed as the problem of determining the principle of combining the selected parts into an organized whole. It has been established that the principle of such a combination is the dialectical connection between the results of the tasks being solved in each of the parts. The dialectical connection is realized in the form of a dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” and “single”. It is proposed to consider this principle of combining parts of the intellectual system as the principle of heuristic dialectic self-organization. At the same time, automated control systems are characterized by the division of the system into two parts, namely: the human operator; management object. However, with this approach, each of these parts is considered separately. Therefore, for each of the parts it is proposed to determine its own principle of self-organization. In the course of the study, it was proposed to move on to establishing the principle of self-organization for parts of the intellectual system. At the same time, it is proposed to change the method for solving this problem. If for automated systems it is proposed to first determine the characteristic signs of activity and to propose appropriate heuristics for their processing, then for intelligent systems it is proposed to recognize the principle of heuristic self-organization as a dialectical unity of concepts. The principle of dialectical unity of the concepts of “common” and “single” is proposed to be used to study the mechanisms of self-organization of activities to solve problems in the relevant parts of the intellectual system. The first part of the intellectual system that solves the problem of implementing the established project of the future result is technological activity. An important circumstance, this activity is also divided by us into organizational and technological. It is clear that any process should be organized. Internally. Since we have already chosen the principle of heuristic self-organization, it remains to establish the characteristic features for this form of activity. To reveal the content of factors for this form of activity, we have chosen the concept of “process” and “resource”. Based on this, four forms of factors were established, and dialectic pairs of these factors were formed, for which a model architecture was established for the factor representation of the project of the future result of activity. Studying the technological activities for the implementation of the established project of the future result, we actually solved the problem of forming a model for the project of the future result, which is the result of solving the first problem and is the basis for solving the second problem. It should also be noted that the development of intelligent production control systems for Industry 4.0 is impossible outside the theory of intelligent systems, which in turn is based on the principles of heuristic self-organization.

The theory of functional systems as a basis of the infographic modelling anthropotechnics

The need for the functioning of the complex system “man - technology - environment, MTE” predetermined the study and development of mechanisms that allow a person to remain “almost healthy” under the influence of various pathogenic factors of technology and the environment, to bear a variety of stress and activity loads. A characteristic feature of the studies in this area, carried out in our country at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, is a pronounced social orientation, focus on the priority of human interests in the triad of components of the MTE system, and indispensable reliance on the logical and philosophical modelling of the object of study.

Theoretical Model of Polygraph Testing: Concerns and Prospects for their Solution

The problem of determining the constructive validity of the methodology for the mental and physical polygraph testing is currently particularly pressing due to the increased number of such testing procedures in various fields of social life. The possibility of labeling of mental and physical polygraph testing as one of evidence-based methods in investigative and judicial practice partly depends on defining a theoretical model that would be in line with the core scientific foundations and wouldn't contradict experimental data. In this review we are talking about possibility of considering a separate psychic process as an object of mental and physical testing. Criticisms have been cited for the earlier models of interpreting the psychological responses in individuals examined during a polygraph test. We look at the mechanism for the occurrence of physiological reactions during polygraph testing from the standpoint of the theory of functional systems proposed by Pyotr Anokhin. It is assumed that the systemic approach will set the right direction for defining a theoretical grounding of this methodology.

Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin – my teacher

The article presents biographical and historical facts reflecting the scientific environment in which the author and his teacher P.K. Anokhin lived and worked. Discussions around the positions and ideas of the theory of functional systems are analyzed. The living language conveys the atmosphere of scientific creativity, which is usually not present in the texts of scientific articles. The little-known and unpublished facts and photos from the author's archive, which are of both historical and scientific interest, and have not lost their importance to date, are given.