A Case on Fracture of Os Penis and Partial Penectomy in a Raccoon

The os penis is a unique structure existing in some placental mammals, however it predisposes the organ to fracture. Partial penectomy is an incomplete penile amputation which is carried out when the transection site needed. In this report, a clinical case of partial penectomy in a raccoon was described. A 20-month-old, male albino raccoon (Procyon lotor) was referred to University Veterinary Hospital in Universiti Putra Malaysia with the penile prolapse. Preliminary therapeutic plan included prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotic and anti-inflammatory. Partial penectomy was arranged in this case. Postoperative treatment prescribed were fluoroquinolone antibiotic and analgesics. The prognosis was good due to minimal complication. The clinical symptoms on fracture of os penis, complications of partial penectomy, and options for treatment on fracture of os penis were discussed in this report. Castration can be an alternative preventive method to prevent trauma related to the fracture of masturbation os penis.

Dysuria Associated with Non-Neoplastic Bone Hyperplasia of the Os Penis in a Pug Dog

A three-year-old male Pug presented with a three-year history of urolithiasis and repeated urethral obstruction. Biochemical analysis, ultrasonography, and retrograde urethrocystography revealed probable portosystemic shunt and incomplete urethral obstruction due to uric acid ammonium calculi. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed portosystemic shunt and proliferation of the osseous tissue of the os penis, which was surgically removed. Histopathologically, the excised osseous tissue comprised bland lamellar bone without atypia or inflammation. Hyperplasia of the os penis was diagnosed based on the image findings and histopathology. The dysuria improved postoperatively. This is the first report of dysuria associated with non-neoplastic bone hyperplasia of the os penis in a dog. Careful evaluation of the os penis by CT is needed for accurate diagnosis in case of repeated penile urethral obstruction.

Medical management of a penile fracture with presumed pyelonephritis in a juvenile dog

A three-month-old male entire Bouvier des Flandres was presented for acute onset dysuria, haematuria, lethargy and severe pain on palpation of the penis. Further investigation revealed a parcellar fracture of the cranial separate ossification centre of the os penis and associated urinary tract infection with presumed pyelonephritis. Fluoroscopic retrograde urethrography was performed revealing intermittent urethral obstruction caused by displacement of the cranial bone fragment of the separate ossification centre of the os penis. The urethra was catheterised to realign the fragments and to permit urination and antibiotic treatment was started. The urinary catheter was kept in place for five days. After its removal, normal urination was observed with complete resolution of the clinical signs. Follow-up radiographs and ultrasound examination confirmed resolution of mechanical obstruction with fusion of part of the separate ossification centre and realignment of the displaced bony fragment.

A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

Bacular studies play a significant role in the case of bats and other mammals since it is considered an important taxon-specific character, thus helping in species discrimination. Structure of the baculum (os penis) also aids in examining and understanding cryptic diversity in bats. The baculum has been used in taxonomic studies of bats but such studies for Indian bats are few and far between. It was felt necessary to put together a comprehensive document depicting the bacular morphology of bats in India so as to be helpful for future bat studies. The penises of the bats were excised, treated with KOH, and then dyed with alizarin red to extract the bacula. The extracted bacula were measured using an oculometer, photographed, and preserved in glycerol. Of the total of 47 species of bats (belonging to nine families) collected and studied during the past decade, we present the bacular morphology of 44 species from peninsular India, Andaman Islands, and Jammu and Kashmir. Bacular morphology of eight taxa, namely, Eonycteris spelaea, Rhinolophus pusillus, R. lepidus monticola, R. cognatus, Hipposideros cf. grandis, Myotis peytoni, M. horsfieldii dryas, and M. longipes are presented here for the first time from India.

Estudio anatómico del glande del cuy (Cavia porcellus) de la raza Perú

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de las estructuras que conforman el glande del pene del cuy y sus modificaciones influenciadas por la edad. El estudio se realizó en 24 cuyes distribuidos en cuatro grupos etarios (1, 2 3, 5 meses) de la raza Perú. Se utilizaron 20 muestras para el estudio macroscópico y cuatro muestras para el estudio microscópico. La superficie externa del glande presentó escamas córneas pequeñas, de borde convexo, acompañado de diminutas espículas dirigidas en craneal. En la superficie dorsal y ventrolateral se observó la presencia de escamas desarrolladas de forma alargada con el borde libre convexo y con numerosas espículas dirigidas en sentido dorsocraneal. El saco del glande se situó dorsal a la uretra peneana y la superficie interna poblada de pequeñas escamas y pliegues longitudinales. El saco del glande contiene en su interior un par de procesos estiloides, de naturaleza córnea que se originan en su base. El hueso del pene es de forma alargada y se relaciona a la superficie ventral del glande. El glande presentó un epitelio de transición, que asienta en tejido conectivo laxo vascularizado. Los procesos estiloides al corte transversal presentaron un grueso estrato córneo compuesto por capas de queratina, y el os penis se encuentra formado por tejido óseo esponjoso. Con el avance de la edad los extremos de los procesos estiloides se agudizan, se vuelven divergentes y en algunos casos asimétricos.

CT characterisation of the feline os penis

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of identification and to describe the CT features of the os penis in cats without genitourinary disorders. Methods CT studies from cats that underwent an abdominal or pelvic examination between October 2013 and May 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Cats with no signs of urinary disease and with the external genitalia included in the scan were recruited. Length, width, height and pre- and post-contrast attenuation values of the os penis in soft tissue and bone algorithms were measured independently by two observers. Results Twenty-three cats met the inclusion criteria. A cylindrical bone-attenuating structure inside the glans penis compatible with the os penis was visible in 20/23 (87%) cats. Mean length, width and height values were 3.48 mm × 1.41 mm × 1.37 mm in the soft tissue algorithm, and 3.26 mm × 1.15 mm × 1.06 mm in bone algorithm. The size of the os penis was not significantly different in neutered vs intact cats, but it was significantly larger in soft tissue vs bone algorithm. Age and body weight did not influence os penis size. Pre-contrast mean ± SD attenuation was 216.7 ± 69.5 Hounsfield units (HU) for soft tissue and 320.1 ± 135.9 HU for bone algorithms. Post-contrast attenuation was 289.1 ± 68.8 HU for soft tissue and 383.4 ± 130.9 HU for bone algorithms. A significant correlation between the attenuation in bone algorithm with body weight was noted, where the os penis was less attenuating with increased body weight (pre-contrast: r = –0.479; P = 0.038). Conclusions and relevance The feline os penis is commonly seen on CT images, being more frequently detected than on radiographs. Its presence should not be mistaken for uroliths in the penile urethra.

Surgical Management of Urolithiasis in Male Dogs: A Clinical Review of 10 Cases

Urolithiasis poses an acute life threatening emergency and most frequently obstructs the lower urinary tract in male dogs (Franti et al., 1999). It has been reported that the upper urinary tract calculi are uncommon in dogs and cats with majority of uroliths (Osborne and Fletcher, 1995). The most probable causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies and mineral imbalances. The mineral deposits which form in the bladder of male dogs get flushed out of the bladder with urine and lodge in the penis just behind the os penis which is the most commonly reported site of obstruction followed by ischial arch (Franti et al., 1999). Diagnostic imaging techniques like radiography and ultrasonography are sensitive in diagnosis, with abdominal ultrasonography having 90% sensitivity, 98% specificity and 97% accuracy (Webb, 2000). Treatment of urolithiasis can be attempted by retrograde urethral hydropropulsion for urethroliths followed by cystotomy (Osborne et al., 1999), failing of which urethrotomy or urethrostomy is indicated (Smeak, 2000). Other techniques like bladder marsupialization, surgical tube cystostomy and minimal invasive surgical tube cystostomy with their short and long-term complications have been attempted. However, in this study the cases were relieved by retrograde urethral hydropropulsion, cystotomy and urethrotomy.

Penile Amputation and Scrotal Urethrostomy Followed by Chemotherapy in a Dog with Penile Hemangiosarcoma

A 7 yr old castrated male standard poodle weighing 25 kg was presented with a 5 day history of hematuria, dysuria, and the presence of a 2.5 cm, firm swelling within the prepuce. Abdominal radiographs revealed a soft-tissue mass on the distal prepuce and lysis of the cranial margin of the os penis. The patient was sedated and an ulcerated hemorrhagic mass was identified at the tip of the penis. The mass was diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma via incisional biopsy. A penile amputation with scrotal urethrostomy was performed followed by chemotherapy with doxorubicin.

Pollakiuria and Stranguria in a Labrador Retriever with Penile HSA

An approximately 8 yr old castrated male Labrador retriever presented for evaluation of weight loss, stranguria, and pollakiuria. Lysis of the proximal one-third of the os penis was diagnosed on abdominal radiographs, and a positive contrast urethrography revealed a smoothly marginated filling defect along the dorsal aspect of the urethra at the level of the radiographically observed osteolysis. Regional ultrasound revealed an echogenic mass at the proximal aspect of the os penis with a severely irregular and discontinuous periosteal surface. A penile hemangiosarcoma (HSA) was confirmed on histopathologic evaluation after a penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy were performed. Although HSA is a common malignant neoplasm in dogs, lysis of the os penis has not previously been documented. Adjunctive chemotherapy, although recommended, was declined, and the patient survived 236 days postoperatively. That survival time is considerably longer than the average survival time for patients with HSA, other than cutaneous forms of HSA. Although an uncommon presentation, HSA of the penis should be considered a differential diagnosis in older canines with signs of lower urinary tract disease, especially in breeds that have been documented to be predisposed to HSA.