scholarly journals The Synthesis of CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) With Organic Catalyst: Experiments, Data Analysis and Kinetics Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ihsan Sofyan ◽  
Muhammad Ma'ruf ◽  
Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah ◽  
Azwar Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Kinetics Equation ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Organic Catalyst

Abstract Biodiesel is one of the biomass materials or renewable energy, which is needed today to replace fuel from fossil energy, which can reduce global warming and has a high renewability cycle. Biodiesel is obtained from plants, so it is also known as biofuel. One type of biodiesel group is CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) which is biodiesel obtained from coconut oil as raw material. In this study, a synthesis of used coconut oil and methanol has been carried out with an organic catalyst based on coconut coir called the ASK catalyst. The results of transesterification have provided some important information, including: the yield are 15-19,5% after usage of the ASK catalyst consisting of amorphous phase and crystalline phase ClK0,8Na0,2, with the density and viscosity of products are 790-800 kg/m3 and 0,6-1 mm2/s. Yield data obtained are then used to build the kinetics equation. The equation is 𝑌 = 1 − e^(-k'tn), with the value of n = 1 and k' for temperatures of 50oC and 60oC were 0,20 and 0,21, respectively, and a minimum activation energy of Q = 1,1 kJ/mol, which can determine reaction time needed at a specified temperature to achieve a certain yield value.

Perbandingan Karakteristik Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat dan Sodium Lauril Sulfonat sebagai Bahan Emulsifier

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Eldha Sampepana ◽  
Paluphy Eka Yustini ◽  
Aditya Rinaldi ◽  
Amiroh Amiroh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Enzymatic Method

Surfactant which is used as raw emulsifier in an industry activity such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate is a raw material import, it is petroleum derivative which is not renewable and may cause pollution to the environment, because it is not degraded and are carcinogenic. The purpose of the research is to compare the characteristics of the Quaternary methyl ester sulfonat (MES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulfonat (SLS) as emulsifier. First, make the MES by filtering and eliminating fatty acids of palm oil, then process the MES with enzymatic method become methyl ester, then react it in sulfonation and metanolization process, and also neutralized with NaOH. Next, the MES experiment is compared with SLS and existing MES in the market. The results show that surfactants MES experiment has value hidrofil lipofil balance (HLB) interfacial tension and emulsion stability greater than MES in the market and SLS. And the surface tension of MES experiment is larger than MES in the market, but smaller compared to SLS.ABSTRAKSurfaktan yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku emulsifer dalam aktivitas suatu industri pada saat ini seperti Sodium Lauril Sulfonat  merupakan bahan baku import yang merupakan turunan dari minyak bumi, dengan sifat tidak dapat diperbaharui dan dapat menimbulkan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan karena tidak mudah terdegradasi serta bersifat karsinogenik. Metil ester sulfonat dari bahan minyak sawit merupakan surfaktan dengan sifat mudah terdegradasi yang perlu diketahui karakteristiknya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakteristik surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES) dan Sodium Lauril Sulfonat (SLS) sebagai bahan emulsifier. Mula-mula dilakukan pembuatan MES dengan cara menyaring dan menghilangkan asam lemak minyak sawit terlebih dahulu, kemudian diolah menjadi metil ester secara enzimatis, lalu direaksikan secara sulfonasi dan metanolisis, serta dinetralkan dengan NaOH. Selanjutnya MES hasil percobaan dibandingkan dengan SLS dan MES yang ada dipasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa surfaktan MES memiliki nilai hidrofil lipofil balance (HLB) tegangan antar muka dan stabilitas emulsi lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan MES di pasaran dan SLS, kecuali nilai stabilitas emulsi antara MES dan SLS sama. Dan tegangan permukaan MES hasil percobaan, lebih besar dibandingkan dengan MES dipasaran, dan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan SLS. Kata kunci :   Metil  ester sulfonat, hidrofil lipofil balance, emulsifier, sodium lauril sulfonat , stabilitas emulsi 

scholarly journals Tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia: three industrial crops for energy and hemicelluloses production

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palma ◽  
Javier Mauricio Loaiza ◽  
Manuel J. Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos García ◽  
Inmaculada Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Of Combustion ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Chamaecytisus Proliferus

Abstract Background Burning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production. Results The influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined. The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage. The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the acid hydrolysis treatment, which increased the gross calorific value (GCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. In addition, the activation energy of combustion of the acid hydrolysis residues from Chamaecytisus proliferus (Tagasaste) and Paulownia trihybrid (Paulownia) was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis. The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in Leucaena diversifolia (Leucaena) owing to its low content in hemicelluloses. Conclusions Acid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction of Gypenoside III from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1866-1870
Author(s):  
Xiao Dan Tang ◽  
Hai Yang Hang ◽  
Shao Yan Wang ◽  
Jing Xiang Cong
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Gynostemma Pentaphyllum ◽  
Bioactive Component ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Ultrasonic Time

Gypenosides III is a major bioactive component which is rich in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. For better utilization of the native resource, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions of gypenosides III from G. pentaphyllum. The effects of three independent variables on the extraction yield of gypenosides III were investigated and the optimal conditions were evaluated by means of Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions are as follows: ratio of ethanol to raw material 25, extraction temperature 58°C and ultrasonic time 25min. Under these conditions, the yield of gypenoside III is 1.216±0.05%, which is agreed closely with the predicted yield value.

Rancang Bangun Alat Sentrigufal Pencuci Daging Buah Kelapa Menggunakan Cairan Air Kelapa (Pre-Processing Metode Sentrifugasi)

Jurnal METRIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Hadi Santosa ◽  
Yuliati . ◽  
Ig. Jaka Mulyana
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Pressure Nozzle ◽  
Coconut Meat

The diversification of the coconut processing industry into Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a more prospective coconut derivative is currently still growing rapidly. VCO is a virgin coconut oil product that is beneficial for health, and can be used as a raw material for natural cosmetics which has high economic value. Preliminary research has successfully designed the construction of a coconut husk peeler and a coconut shell breaker machine as an early stage in the VCO production process technology. The discussion of this paper covers the design of a coconut meat washing machine utilizing coconut water which consists of a rotating tube with an adjustable tube rotation speed with an inverter and an electric motor as the driving force equipped with a high pressure nozzle with ± 75 psi pressure. Inside the tube there is a retaining divider that regulates the flow of the washed coconut meat. The washing process uses coconut water to wash coconut meat in a washing tube that rotates at a certain speed as needed with a capacity of 8 kg timer for ± 3-5 minutes. Coconut water is drained and coconut meat is ready for the next process.

THE BIODIESEL PROCESSING FROM OIL OF YELLOWFIN TUNA [Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)] OFFAL USING ACID CATALYST

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latif Sahubawa ◽  
Juju Junengsih ◽  
Ustadi Ustadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H2so4 Concentration

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels to meet the need of the diesel fuel in Indonesia. One of potential animal oil/fat to be utilized as biodiesel raw material is offal from yellowfin tuna. The objective of the study is to know the free fatty acid (FFA) levels of raw material, influence of the H2SO4 concentration as catalyst on biodiesel conversion, composition of the main Fatty acid compounds from biodiesel, and physical characteristics of biodiesel through esterification and transesterification reaction. In transesterification phase, the variabel is H2SO4 concentration 1.25 %, 1.50% and 1.75 % at 60 °C and 65 °C with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9. Based on experiment results, the know  that: FFA content from oli of yellowfin tuna offal amounted to 2.33 %, the largest conversion of methyl ester from spectra of H-NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS and ASTM was produced from the treatment with 1.50 % H2SO4 at 65 °C, with an average yield of 89.09 % and the conversion value of methyl ester was 52.63 %. The main compounds of Fatty acids that formed biodiesel were palmatic acid (43.64 %) and oleic acid (32.08 %). The physical characteristics of biodiesel according to the national standards of Indonesia (NSI) were specific density of 0.8637 60/60 °F g mL–1kinematic viscosity of 2.555 mm2 s–1, pour point is -3 °C and cloud point of 25 °C, while flash point of 25 °C and water content of 0.20 % was not consistent with the SNI. 

scholarly journals Thermodynamic evaluation of the stabilization indicators of milk quality as influenced by a complex protector

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 01112
Author(s):  
Irina Vladimirovna Davidenko ◽  
Elena Alexandrovna Moliboga ◽  
Dmitry Mikhailovich Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermodynamic Evaluation ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Ionic Calcium

In the present article the authors discuss the possibility of increasing of the suitability of milk as a raw material for cheese production through preservation of native properties of milk proteins, in the first place biologically complete whey proteins as well as the weight ratio of total and ionic calcium. For thermodynamic evaluation of the biosystem we used activation energy (Ea), chemical, physical and organoleptic characteristics. As a result: a methodology has been developed for determination of foodstuffs activation energy; it was determined that with increase in the proportion of the pectin introduced the activation energy and structuredness of the biosystem also increases, when the proportion of pectin is 0.5% the activation energy is 1.788 kJ/mol, when the proportion of pectin is 3% the activation energy is 2.241 kJ/mol, which means the increase by 25%; in the studied pasteurization standard, the maximum content of calcium is observed at 85oC and is equal to 133.8 mg%., in the control sample of milk the content of calcium is 130 mg%; addition of a complex food additive as a protector makes it possible to preserve native properties of the biosystem and guarantees formation of a denser protein coagulum which allows producing high-quality fermented milk products and cheeses.

Preparation of Pyrrhotite from Ammonium Jarosite and Estimation of Activation Energy in Reducing Atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Ma ◽  
Hongbin Tan ◽  
Faqin Dong ◽  
Bowen Li ◽  
Jinfeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Production ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Oxide Phases ◽  
Ammonium Jarosite

Abstract Ammonium jarosite sediment is a by-product of hydrometallurgical process used to extract zinc metal, which, which contains heavy metal ions and raises severe environmental concerns The transformation of jarosite sediment into high-value-added sulfide products through simple processing is a cost-effective and efficient strategy to overcome environmental and waste management issues. Herein, the influence of sulfur on thermal decomposition of ammonium jarosite is investigated in reducing atmosphere. The results reveal that the presence of sulfur promoted the decomposition of ammonium jarosite and szomolnokite and iron oxide phases have been observed after being heat treated at 300 °C. Moreover, after heat treatment at 700 °C, the decomposition of jarosite/sulfur mixture resulted in the formation of pyrrhotite phase, which can be used as a raw material for sulfuric acid production. Lastly, the activation energy of pyrrhotite formation has been estimated by using KAS equation and found to be 216.2 kJ/mol in reducing atmosphere.

scholarly journals The Production of Biofuels from Coconut Oil Using Microwave

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Suryanto ◽  
Suprapto Suprapto ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Acid Reaction

Biofuels including biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is renewable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic and lowemission energy. The raw material used in this work was coconut oil, which contained saturated fatty acids about90% with medium chain (C8-C12), especially lauric acid and myristic acid. Reaction was conducted in batchreactor assisted by microwave. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of power and NaOH catalystin transesterification enhanced by microwave and to obtain a biofuels (biodiesel and biokerosene) derived fromcoconut oil. The reaction was performed by mixing oil and methanol with mole ratio of 1:6, catalystconcentration of 1% w/w with setting electrical power at 100, 264, 400, 600 and 800 W. The reaction time wasconditioned at of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 min. The results showed that microwave could accelerate thetransesterification process to produce biodiesel using NaOH catalyst. The highest yield of biodiesel was 97.76 %,or 99.05 % conversion at 5 min reaction, meanwhile biokerosene was 48% after distillation.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natta Pimngern ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

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