ЦИРКОВЕ МИСТЕЦТВО У ПРОСТОРІ ТА ЧАСІ: ВІД КОЛІЗЕЮ ДО АМФІТЕАТРУ ЕСТЛІ; ВІД СКОМОРОХІВ ДО СУЧАСНОСТІ

У контексті дослідження особливостей розвитку циркового мистецтва і циркової справи на західноукраїнських землях кінця ХVІІІ–ХІХ ст. поставлено завдання простежити процес становлення циркового мистецтва на етнічній території України. Розглянуто проблематику визначення зв’язку сучасного циркового мистецтва України з мистецтвом скоморохів; зроблено спробу визначення ступеню «спорідненості» зв’язку цирку Нового часу з давньоримським цирком.З’ясовано, що через брак історичних відомостей не існує підстав пов’язувати творчість скоморохів із ґенезою професійного циркового мистецтва в Україні. Більш коректним є визначення витоків сучасного циркового мистецтва в перших гастрольних виступах на етнічній території України західноєвропейських акробатичних і циркових труп, які належать до другої пол. XVIII ст., виходячи зі значущості їх впливу на системність подальшого розвитку циркових жанрів і циркового мистецтва. Розглянуто і визначено спільні риси, відмінності і особливості цирку Нового часу і давньоримського цирку.Ключові слова: цирк, циркове мистецтво, історія цирку, витоки циркового мистецтва, мистецтво скоморохів, давньоримський цирк. In the context of the study of the features of the development of Circus Art and the functioning of Circus business at the Western Ukrainian lands at the end of the 18th – during the 19th century, the author set the task to track down the processes of the inception of Circus Art at the ethnic territory of Ukraine.In this article, the problems of determining the continuity of contemporary circus art of Ukraine with the art of Scomorochs are considered; an attempt is made to determine the degree of «kinship» of the connection of the circus of New time with the ancient Roman circus. It turned out that today, due to the lack of historical documental evidences, there is no reasonable ground for the scientists to relate the art of Scomorochs with the genesis of the professional Circus Art in Ukraine. It seems more correct to determine the origins of the modern Circus Art in the first guest performances of the acrobatic and circus troupes from Western Europe at the ethnic territory of Ukraine, which belong to the second half of the 18th century, based on the significance of their influence on the further development of Circus genres and the Circus Art.The similarities, differences, and features of the Circus of the New Time and the ancient Roman circus have been considered and determined.Key words: circus, circus art, history of the circus, the origins of circus art, the art of scomorochs, the ancient Roman circus.

Against lifetime QALY prioritarianism

Lifetime quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) prioritarianism has recently been defended as a reasonable specification of the prioritarian view that benefits to the worse off should be given priority in health-related priority setting. This paper argues against this view with reference to how it relies on implausible assumptions. By referring to lifetime QALY as the basis for judgments about who is worse off lifetime QALY prioritarianism relies on assumptions of strict additivity, atomism and intertemporal separability of sublifetime attributes. These assumptions entail that a health state at some period in time contributes with the same amount to how well off someone is regardless of intrapersonal and interpersonal distributions of health states. The paper argues that this is implausible and that prioritarians should take both intrapersonal and interpersonal distributions of goods into account when they establish who is worse off. They should therefore not accept that lifetime QALY is a reasonable ground for ascribing priority and reject lifetime QALY prioritarianism.

The Neutrality of International Courts and Tribunals: Why and to What Degree?

It goes without saying that the principle of separation of powers leads to an independent judiciary imposing the rule of law and thereby assurance for the society so as to be prevented against any abuse of power, which is an integral part and a must of democratic values. This independence and impartiality crystallize as to the degree the judiciary (as an institution) and individual judges are able to hold responsibility without being influenced or intervened by any other source. The confidence of the society and the maitenance of justice can only be ensured provided that this independence and impartiality is taken under guarantee by binding instruments and that the manner in which jurisdiction is performed is carried out in accordance to such requirement. Nevertheless, the author of this paper claims that if meant to remain pretty much uncontested, such rhetoric holds true merely for domestic law, since I believe there is reasonable ground to state that this idea –and “ideal” too, since it has also reached such a level-, is relevant mainly for the domestic laws, dissenting from international law; like the title of the article provocatively illustrates. Likewise, there has been theoretical objections asserting that independence, impartiality and neutrality of international courts and tribunals is not required for fair decisions, justice or the court’s effectiveness.

The Neutrality of International Courts and Tribunals: Why and to What Degree?

It goes without saying that the principle of separation of powers leads to an independent judiciary imposing the rule of law and thereby assurance for the society so as to be prevented against any abuse of power, which is an integral part and a must of democratic values. This independence and impartiality crystallize as to the degree the judiciary (as an institution) and individual judges are able to hold responsibility without being influenced or intervened by any other source. The confidence of the society and the maitenance of justice can only be ensured provided that this independence and impartiality is taken under guarantee by binding instruments and that the manner in which jurisdiction is performed is carried out in accordance to such requirement. Nevertheless, the author of this paper claims that if meant to remain pretty much uncontested, such rhetoric holds true merely for domestic law, since I believe there is reasonable ground to state that this idea –and “ideal” too, since it has also reached such a level-, is relevant mainly for the domestic laws, dissenting from international law; like the title of the article provocatively illustrates. Likewise, there has been theoretical objections asserting that independence, impartiality and neutrality of international courts and tribunals is not required for fair decisions, justice or the court’s effectiveness.

Usulan a. Macintyre Kembali ke Etika Keutamaan : Sebuah Solusi atau Nostalgia Belaka?

<p><strong>Abtract :</strong> As an alternative to the impasse of the modern-enlightenment project in ethics, Alasdair MacIntyre suggests to recourse to virtue-ethics. This article will present first, what MacIntyre means by the modern-enlightenment project in ethics, secondly, his critique of that project, especially his arguments why such ethics is bound to fail. Thirdly, why, according to him, developing virtue-ethics, somewhat like the Aristotelian-Thomistic model, will provide a solution to the impasse. Finally, I would like to make a short evaluation of MacIntyre’s suggestion by focusing on the question whether his suggestion to recourse to virtue-ethics is just a nostalgia to the past as criticized by Ross Poole. I will argue in this article that, despite MacIntyre’s failure to give concrete examples of good modern ethical communities that live out his model of virtue-ethics, as Poole has rightly pointed out, as long as human being can still agree on certain basic human values upon which global ethics of virtue can be built, MacIntyre’s suggestion is not simply a nostalgic recourse to the past as Ross Poole believes. MacIntyre’s recourse to virtue-ethics can indeed provide solution to overcome the danger of moral nihilism looming over the modern-enlightenment project and it can also provide reasonable ground for living ethically.</p><p><em>Keywords : Ethics of virtue, Modern-enlightenment project, Nostalgia, Solution, Rational ground, Nihilism.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Sebagai usulan guna mengatasi kegagalan di bidang etika proyek modern-pencerahan, Alasdair MacIntyre menawarkan ajakan untuk kembali ke etika keutamaan. Tulisan ini pertama-tama bermaksud menjelaskan apa yang ia maksudkan dengan proyek<strong></strong> modern-perncerahan, khususnya di bidang etika dan mengapa proyek seperti itu, menurut MacIntyre, niscaya gagal. Kemudian akan dikaji mengapa baginya membuat langkah kembali ke etika keutamaan model Aristoteles dan Thomas Aquinas akan dapat mengatasi kegagalan tersebut. Akhirnya, sebuah evaluasi singkat terhadap usulan MacIntyre akan diberikan. Dalam artikel ini akan ditunjukkan bahwa, lepas dari kegagalan MacIntyre untuk memberikan contoh kongkret komunitas etis modern yang mengayati etika keutamaan yang ia cita-citakan, sebagaimana telah dengan tepat ditunjukkan oleh Poole, asalkan umat manusia, sampai batas tertentu, masih dapat menyepakati adanya nilai-nilai dasar kemanusiaan atas dasar mana sebuah etika keutamaan yang berisfat global dapat dibangun, usulan MacIntyre untuk kembali ke etika keutamaan, bukanlah sekedar suatu bentuk nostalgia ke masa lalu seperti dikemukakan oleh Ross Poole dalam kritiknya. Usulan itu sesungguhnya memang dapat memberi jalan keluar mengatasi bahaya nihilisme moral yang membayangi proyek etika modern-pencerahan serta dapat memberi dasar yang masuk akal untuk hidup secara etis.</p><em>Kata Kunci : Etika keutamaan, Proyek pencerahan modern, Nostalgia, Solusi, Landasan rasional, Nihilisme.</em>

Modifying Double Jeopardy

The question addressed concerns the defensibility of that part of the Constitutional ban on double jeopardy which forbids the state from retrying criminal defendants for the same crimes of which they have earlier been acquitted. A procedure for permitting the retrial of such defendants is developed and defended. This procedure would allow acquittals to be quashed if state officials can convince a court that they have fresh, reliable, and compelling evidence of a person's guilt. The stock arguments in favor of a ban on double jeopardy are considered in light of this proposal and shown to be unpersuasive. A variety of other arguments against the proposal are likewise shown to be unconvincing. Particular attention is paid to the concern that the procedure might produce convictions of innocent people. This possibility is shown to be remote and thus not a reasonable ground for refusing to attempt to correct substantively mistaken acquittals.

The Intuition

This chapter reports on the initial idea which gave birth to the investigation which subsequently became the unifying theory. The intuition herein illustrated consists of the realization that the following concept might have been supported by reasonable ground of truth after extensive study. The concept is that there exists a region of spatial extent within two nodes (1D), a pixel (2D), or a voxel (3D) where the interpolation function has best approximation properties. Naturally, the adjective best is to be interpreted with its relativity to the potentiality of the specific model interpolation function to determine approximation properties. Such potentiality according to the intuition resides in: (i) the sequel of discrete samples (e.g. the pixel intensities for the two-dimensional case), and (ii) the curvature of the model interpolator as expressed by its second order derivatives. The study in this chapter is initiated for the trivariate linear interpolation function and formalized through a set of definitions, an observation and a theorem.

Barge-Assisted Draft Reduction of Semi-Submersible Drilling Unit GSF Development Driller I for Tow-Out From Ingleside to Offshore Gulf of Mexico

Because of its DP thrusters, the free-floating draft of the semi-submersible drilling rig GSF Development Driller I was too deep for a safe tow-out from Ingleside, TX, to open waters. In order to reduce the semi’s draft, a large cargo barge was used to lift the rig 1.0 m (3.3 ft) and thus create a reasonable ground clearance. The barge was selected, based on dimension, ballast capability, deck strength, price, and availability. Eight support brackets were welded to the barge sides and strong diaphragms welded inside the four rig braces. Detailed time domain motion analyses were performed to study the behavior of the combined units during the tow and barge removal operation offshore. In April of 2006, during a favorable weather window, the combined units were successfully towed through the channels and once in deeper waters, the barge was ballasted down and pulled out from under the rig.

Theory of the Spin Hamiltonian Parameters for Low Spin Cobalt(II) Complexes

The theory for the spin Hamiltonian parameters of low spin cobalt(II), d7, complexes has been developed to third order in perturbation theory for all reasonable ground states. Two extensions beyond previous treatments have been made: (1) the spin–orbit mixing of excited quartet states into the doublet ground state has been considered and (2) configuration interaction involving mixing of [Formula: see text]orbitals in lower symmetry has been included. In the case of axial complexes a more complete calculation has been made to assess the errors incurred in only going to third order in perturbation theory. The theory has been applied to porphyrin and phthalocyanine complexes and is shown to adequately account for the observed data on these complexes. The excited quartet states are much higher in energy than the ground state for the four coordinate porphyrin complexes but become much lower in energy when basic adducts are complexed along the z axis. Further there is mixing of the 4s orbital with the [Formula: see text]orbital for the four coordinate complexes which is completely removed when basic adducts are complexed to the porphyrin system. Application of equations to lower symmetry complexes is considered and it is shown that is is difficult to make an unambiguous assignment of ground state on the basis of g and 59Co hyperfine splitting values alone, although the relative values of gy and gz do seem to provide some clue as to the correct ground state.