Outdoor Performance and Stability Assessment of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

In this era the requirement for energy is enhancing, therefore, many energy resources are developed among them the emerging third-generation dye-sensitized solar cell is one of the environment-friendly solar cell-based technology. Generally, dye-sensitized solar cells consist of a nanomaterial-based photoanode, dye molecules as an absorber, electrolyte, and counter electrode. In the case of indoor application, this solar cell works easily so this is the characteristics of a dye-sensitized solar cell. Moreover, the outdoor performance of DSSC degrades on exposure to sunlight. Exposure to sunlight increases the temperature of the internal component of DSSC and consequently degradation in device performance. Long-term stability is obtained by the choice of such material where degradation takes place slowly and plastic covers are also coated over DSSC to prevent degradation. The solar response of DSSC towards dye was also mentioned, the higher the percentage of EQE higher the efficiency of the device. In this chapter, the authors discuss the introduction of a solar cell, the working principle of DSSC, and the available research background for outdoor performance and long-term stability with a solar response of device i.e. EQE or IPCE.

Testing tyres of mobile forest machines in the soil testing canal

The article focuses on the research of tyre rolling resistances in the soil test channel environment. The specific monitored tyre was a Mitas TS05 10.0/75-15.3 10PR diagonal tyre with an arrow tread. The measurement itself was divided into two stages. In the first stage, measurements of rolling resistance were performed on a solid concrete base of the laboratory in order to determine the internal component of rolling resistance of the tyre. In the second stage, rolling resistances were monitored on forest soil deposited in the main body of the soil channel. The mentioned measurements of rolling resistance can be considered key for further evaluation of traction and energy properties of tyres. Despite some complications which occurred during the measurement, the results obtained indicate the conclusions reached by other researchers in the field. The main conclusion of this research is to confirm the justification of using the correct or optimal level of inflation pressures of tyres of mobile energy means depending on the properties of the surfaces on which they move in order to reduce not only their energy intensity but also greater environmental acceptability.

High Speed FPGA Based 128-bit Advance Encryption Standard (AES)

Aim: Achieve high throughput 128 bits FPGA based Advanced Encryption Standard. Background: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) provides an efficient platform for design AES cryptography system. It provides the capability to control over each bit using HDL programming language such as VHDL and Verilog which results an output speed in Gbps rang. Objective: Use Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to design high throughput 128 bits FPGA based Advanced Encryption Standard. Method: Pipelining technique has used to achieve maximum possible speed. The level of pipelining includes round pipelining and internal component pipelining where number of registers inserted in particular places to increase the output speed. The proposed design uses combinatorial logic to implement the byte substitution. The s-box implemented using composed field arithmetic with 7 stages of pipelining to reduce the combinatorial logic level. The presented model has implemented using VHDL in Xilinix ISETM 14.4 design tool. Result: The achieved results were 18.55 Gbps at a clock frequency of 144.96 MHz and area of 1568 Slices in Spartan3 xc3s1000 hardware. Conclusion: The results show that the proposed design reaches a high throughput with acceptable area usage compare with other designs in the literature.

Stability of aerobic granular sludge under low energy consumption: Optimization of granular size distribution by a novel internal component

To enhance the stability and pollutant removal performance of an aerobic granular sludge (AGS), four groups of AGS reactors with different pore sizes of mesh screen (R1 is control reactor,...

A university small satellite thermal control modeling and analysis in the post-mission phase

This work includes the thermal control analysis of a small spacecraft in the post-mission phase. The satellite internal component distribution has been modified to fulfill all thermal requirements when using a passive thermal control system. In the post-mission phase, the satellite will be used by the radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) community as a transponder, fully using the AMSAT payload that will maintain active and shall last at least 2 years. Thermal Desktop software is introduced for the mentioned spacecraft. The final analysis predictions show that the passive thermal control system maintains all satellite element's temperatures within their temperature limits. The temperature variation of +X solar panel is 75 °C which is less than experienced by +Z and -Z panels, which are 100 °C. The temperature change on equipment agrees with their panels. Compared with a specialized thermal analysis, software package (ESATAN-TMSs) verified the integrity of the results.

SYNERGETIC METHOD IN THE RESEARCH OF UKRAINIAN STATE FORMATION: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE

The article considers the problem of Ukrainian state formation that is studied by applying a synergetic method. One of the founders of synergetics, the Belgian chemist and philosopher Ilya Prigogine,has pointed out that history is a sequence of bifurcations. The situation in Ukraine requires an objective comprehension of national statehood not only in terms of content and structure, but also in terms of time. For this reason, the use of the synergetic method can ensure the choice of its most advanced models for the future. The research article is purposed at determining the different levels of «bifurcation points» in the history of Ukrainian state formation. The author sets the following tasks: to disclose the European context of essence of the synergetic method; to highlight the features of the four stages of Ukrainian state formation; to calculate a number of key dates that have become a kind of symbol of Ukrainian state forming; and to show the impact of «bifurcation points» on the statehood processes. The study uses such scientific methods as analytical, comparative-historical, chronological and synergetic (for the analysis of numerical models of historical dates). In the current research, the author proceeds from the fact that «bifurcation points» have taken place in the history of Ukrainian state forming. Moreover, their exploration, which is based on the synergetic method, has scientific nature. A number of key dates, which became symbolic for the Ukrainian state formation, has been identified. «Bifurcation points» of the first level that concern the Ukrainian state forming include the following dates: 1199, 1648, 1919 and 1991, which contain the numbers«1» and «9» in different variations (explicitly or implicitly). Their presence led to the existence of four stages of Ukrainian state formation: princely, Cossack, national-democratic and modern ones. «Bifurcation points» of the second level include the dates that contain the numbers«7» (1169, 1349 and 1709) as an internal component and symbolize the negative processes in the history of Ukrainian statehood. However, changes with the numerical code 7 are not critical, and the elements of statehood have existed for decades in the form of autonomy. The third level of «bifurcation points» should include dates with the interweaving of the numbers«5» and «6»: 1569, 1596 and 1659. The events that took place at those points were inevitably negative.

CSMCSM

Many MANET research works are based on the popular informal definition that MANET is a wireless ad-hoc network that has neither infrastructure nor backbone and every network node is autonomous and moves depending on its mobility. Unfortunately, this definition pays no attention to the network servers that are essential in core-based, mission-critical, and military MANETs. In core-based MANETs, external intrusion detection systems (IDS) cannot detect internal Byzantine attacks; in addition, internal Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) systems are unqualified to detect typical external wireless attack. Therefore, there is a real need to combine both internal and external mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) ID systems. Here, CSMCSM is presented as a two-level client server model for comprehensive security in MANETs that integrates internal and external attack detectors in one device. The internal component is based on a BFT consensus algorithm while the external component employs decision tree to classify the MANET attacks.

Urgent-SQ Implant: Safety and Efficacy, 18 Years After First Implantation.

Background: To evaluate the long term follow up in terms of safety and usability of the Urgent-SQ system (implantable tibial nerve stimulator) based on 1 year, 9 year follow up and novel results 18 years after first implantation in 2002.Materials & Methods: Since 2002, eight patients were implanted with the Urgent-SQ system. Seven patients were included in previous follow up studies, 1 patient had loss of efficacy before 1 year of follow up. During this study all patients who were included in the previous follow-up studies (n=7) were contacted to be interviewed regarding efficacy, usability and safety. Results: Five out of seven patients were available for assessment, mean age 72 years ± 8 (range 65-82). Two patients were considered lost to follow up. None of the interviewed patients reported safety issues, new adverse events or discomfort. One of the patients was able to visit the hospital for efficacy. However, treatment could not be performed due to deficiency of the external or internal component. All patients did not perform self-stimulation anymore due to external stimulator deficiency (n=2) or loss of effect (n=3). Conclusion: 18 year follow up of the Urgent-SQ implant demonstrates a high safety profile. However efficacy after 18 years is lacking in 60% whereas in 40% the therapy cannot be applied because the external stimulator is deficient. This most likely depicts the end of the lifecycle of the device.