KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK KOMODITAS UNGGULAN PERTANIAN DI KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU UTARA

<p class="A04-abstrak2">As an expansion area, North Labuhanbatu District has a purpose to improve the social welfare. Meanwhile one of the significant sector in the community is agriculture. Agriculture provides the highest income for the society and has a potency to further develop and establish the area. However, the development should relevant with environment characteristic essentially. Based on preliminary survey, there are 5 agricultural commodities growing in this area namely palm oil, rubber, rice field, cocoa, and coconut which spread over the 8 sub-districts. The increasing of population triggers land use changes particularly in agriculture. Therefore analysis of land suitability for agriculture is fundamental hence policy direction can be applied in each sub-district based on agriculture commodities which suitable with their characteristic accordingly. The evaluation of land suitability is conducted by comparing the physical characteristics with the existing of land suitability criteria which prossessed by ArcGIS software. Land suitability in North Labuhanbatu is identified with 4 clases: S1 (very suitable), S2 (moderately suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and N (not suitable). Furthermore, there are 4 limiting factors in this study: water availability, root media, nutrient retention, and erosion hazards. The result shows that rubber, rice field, and coconut have very suitable (S1) land to be planted.Therefore the recomendation is to develop agroforestry landscape practices for sustainable livelihoods in Labura District.</p>

Corrosion Behavior in Volcanic Soils: In Search of Candidate Materials for Thermoelectric Devices

Thermoelectric generators have emerged as an excellent solution for the energy supply of volcanic monitoring stations due to their compactness and continuous power generation. Nevertheless, in order to become a completely viable solution, it is necessary to ensure that their materials are able to resist in the acidic environment characteristic of volcanoes. Hence, the main objective of this work is to study the resistance to corrosion of six different metallic materials that are candidates for use in the heat exchangers. For this purpose, the metal probes have been buried for one year in the soil of the Teide volcano (Spain) and their corrosion behavior has been evaluated by using different techniques (OM, SEM, and XRD). The results have shown excessive corrosion damage to the copper, brass, and galvanized steel tubes. After evaluating the corrosion behavior and thermoelectric performance, AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels are proposed for use as heat exchangers in thermoelectric devices in volcanic environments.

Organizational and legal model of religious education in modern-day Russia and its relation to historical pedagogic traditions

Researched are modern organizational and legal model of religious education in Russia in relation to historical pedagogic traditions. Such conclusions are given in three aspects: organization forms of education, attitude to education, tendency of the development of education. Emphasis is made on the significance of faith-based educational organizations in the development of professional education; particular consideration is given to country-wide confession dialogue in the development of education, as well as the balance of secular and religious principles in educational environment. Characteristic of a modern organizational and legal model of religious education in Russia is given with due regard for the legislation on the freedom of thought, conscience and religion, educational legislation and international legal standards of human rights.

Review on Extraction and Application of Natural Dyes

With the improvement of living standards, everybody is very much conscious about the environmental protection and health safety. Natural dyes have attracted more attention to the industry due to exhibiting better biodegradability and more compatibility with the environment. Characteristic colours that are gathered from common assets can be categorized as either plant, creature, mineral, or microbial colours and can be used for colouring a wide range of regular filaments. Late examination shows that it can likewise be utilized to colour a portion of the manufactured filaments too. Normal colours are not just utilized in the shading of material filaments, they are also utilized for food, prescriptions, handiwork articles, and leather preparing. Extraction and purification play a vital role in the processing of natural dyes. There are different types of extraction process currently available for these natural dyes, such as solvent extraction, aqueous extraction, enzymatic extraction and fermentation, extraction with microwave or ultrasonic energy, supercritical fluid extraction, and alkaline or acid extraction. All these extraction processes have their own advantages as well as some drawbacks depending on the parameters that need to be maintained during the extraction process. Appropriate extraction can be beneficial for specific types of such dyes. In this paper, the classification, characteristics, extraction methods, and the application of natural dyes are introduced in an organized manner.

Centre–Province Relations in Personalist Autocracies: Explaining the Emergence and Survival of Powerful Provincial Leaders

We have limited knowledge of how the insecure environment characteristic of personalist dictatorships affects the behaviour of provincial leaders. In this article, we argue that such provincial leaders face a trade-off: either they can keep a low profile but remain vulnerable to the capriciousness of the ruler (the acquiescent strategy), or they can gamble and try to build a power base of their own as a defence against the whims of the dictator (the power-accruing strategy). Next, we specify three contextual conditions, each of which makes provincial leaders more likely to choose and succeed with a power-accruing strategy, which in turn allows them to rule their province with an iron fist. Finally, empirically, we illustrate our arguments through a number of example cases and an in-depth study of a contemporary, very powerful provincial leader in a personalist authoritarian regime: Ramzan Kadyrov, leader of the Chechen Republic within Vladimir Putin's Russia.

Petrogenesis of a late-stage calc-alkaline granite in a giant S-type batholith: geochronology and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes from the Nomatsaus granite (Donkerhoek batholith), Namibia

The late-tectonic 511.4 ± 0.6 Ma-old Nomatsaus intrusion (Donkerhoek batholith, Damara orogen, Namibia) consists of moderately peraluminous, magnesian, calc-alkalic to calcic granites similar to I-type granites worldwide. Major and trace-element variations and LREE and HREE concentrations in evolved rocks imply that the fractionated mineral assemblage includes biotite, Fe–Ti oxides, zircon, plagioclase and monazite. Increasing K2O abundance with increasing SiO2 suggests accumulation of K-feldspar; compatible with a small positive Eu anomaly in the most evolved rocks. In comparison with experimental data, the Nomatsaus granite was likely generated from meta-igneous sources of possibly dacitic composition that melted under water-undersaturated conditions (X H2O: 0.25–0.50) and at temperatures between 800 and 850 °C, compatible with the zircon and monazite saturation temperatures of 812 and 852 °C, respectively. The Nomatsaus granite has moderately radiogenic initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7067–0.7082), relatively radiogenic initial εNd values (− 2.9 to − 4.8) and moderately evolved Pb isotope ratios. Although initial Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the granite do not vary with SiO2 or MgO contents, fSm/Nd and initial εNd values are negatively correlated indicating limited assimilation of crustal components during monazite-dominated fractional crystallization. The preferred petrogenetic model for the generation of the Nomatsaus granite involves a continent–continent collisional setting with stacking of crustal slices that in combination with high radioactive heat production rates heated the thickened crust, leading to the medium-P/high-T environment characteristic of the southern Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Such a setting promoted partial melting of metasedimentary sources during the initial stages of crustal heating, followed by the partial melting of meta-igneous rocks at mid-crustal levels at higher P–T conditions and relatively late in the orogenic evolution.

Magnetic Reconnection in the Corona as a Source of Switchbacks in the Solar Wind

&lt;p&gt;The observations from the Parker Solar Probe during the first&lt;br&gt;perihelion revealed large numbers of local reversals in the radial&lt;br&gt;component of the magnetic field with associated velocity spikes. Since&lt;br&gt;the spacecraft was magnetically connected to a coronal hole during the&lt;br&gt;closest approach to the sun, one possible source of these spikes is&lt;br&gt;magnetic reconnection between the open field lines in the coronal hole&lt;br&gt;and an adjacent region of closed flux. Reconnection in a low beta&lt;br&gt;environment characteristic of the corona is expected to be bursty&lt;br&gt;rather than steady and is therefore capable of producing large numbers&lt;br&gt;of magnetic flux ropes with local reversals of the radial magnetic&lt;br&gt;field that can propagate outward large radial distances from the&lt;br&gt;sun. Flux ropes with a strong guide field produce signatures&lt;br&gt;consistent with the PSP observations. We have carried out simulations&lt;br&gt;of &quot;interchange&quot; reconnection in the corona and have explored the&lt;br&gt;local structure of flux ropes embedded within the expanding solar&lt;br&gt;wind. We have first established that traditional interchange&lt;br&gt;reconnection cannot produce the switchbacks since bent field lines&lt;br&gt;generated in the corona quickly straighten. The simulations have been&lt;br&gt;extended to the regime dominated by the production of multiple flux&lt;br&gt;ropes and we have established that flux ropes are injected into the&lt;br&gt;local solar wind. Local simulations of reconnection are also being&lt;br&gt;carried out to explore the structure of flux ropes embedded in the&lt;br&gt;solar wind for comparison with observations. Evidence is presented&lt;br&gt;that flux rope merging may be ongoing and might lead to the high&lt;br&gt;aspect ratio of the switchback structures measured in the solar wind.&lt;/p&gt;

Gluten-induced RNA methylation changes regulate intestinal inflammation via allele-specific XPO1 translation in epithelial cells

ObjectivesCoeliac disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune disorder that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. Dietary gluten triggers an immune response for which the only available treatment so far is a strict, lifelong gluten free diet. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes and several non-HLA regions have been associated with the genetic susceptibility to CD, but their role in the pathogenesis of the disease is still essentially unknown, making it complicated to develop much needed non-dietary treatments. Here, we describe the functional involvement of a CD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the 5’UTR of XPO1 in the inflammatory environment characteristic of the coeliac intestinal epithelium.DesignThe function of the CD-associated SNP was investigated using an intestinal cell line heterozygous for the SNP, N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-related knock-out and HLA-DQ2 mice, and human samples from patients with CD.ResultsIndividuals harbouring the risk allele had higher m6A methylation in the 5’UTR of XPO1 RNA, rendering greater XPO1 protein amounts that led to downstream nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activity and subsequent inflammation. Furthermore, gluten exposure increased overall m6A methylation in humans as well as in in vitro and in vivo models.ConclusionWe identify a novel m6A-XPO1-NFkB pathway that is activated in CD patients. The findings will prompt the development of new therapeutic approaches directed at m6A proteins and XPO1, a target under evaluation for the treatment of intestinal disorders.