Dominant chemical compound of chicken bile extract

The purpose of this research is to study the dominant chemical compounds of chicken bile extract. Chicken bile, which is usually disposed of as useless waste, is made a choice. The study began with material collection from native chicken farmers, Kluwut Village, Bulakambah sub-district, Brebes Regency, Central Java. The determination was carried out at Bandungense Herbarium School of Biological Science and Technology-ITB. The choice of animals were native chickens. They belonged to the family Phylum: Chordata, Class: Aves, Nation: Galliformes, Tribe: Phasianidae, Surname: Gallus, Type: Gallus gallus Linn, The common name: native chicken (Indonesia), and domestic fowl in English. The bile portion was cut into small pieces and dried using a freeze dryer. The reflux method was then extracted using solvents with a different polarity, which are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. It gave out n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and ethanol extract. The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The percentage of the obtained yield was n-hexane extract 7.63%, ethyl acetate extract 8.61%, and ethanol extract 34.91%. Selected ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC I) and was monitored by a thin layer of Chromatography (TLC). Then fraction 5-6 was continued to sub fractionation by Classical Column Chromatography (CCC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) investigated isolate X and found that isolate X appeared to be cholesterol. From the second fractionation (VLC II), fraction 2-7 proceeded to the VLC III, and then subfraction 7 was evaluated using GC-MS. The dominant chemical compounds of subfraction 7 were oleic acid 38.72%, n-hexadecanoic acid (35.6%), octadecanoic acid (17.94%), palmitoleic acid (1.53%).

Antioxidant profile of chicken bile extract and correlation with chemical content

Component in chicken bile may be similar to bear bile, which contains an immunostimulant agent ursodeoxycholic acid and related to antioxidant effect. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant potential of chicken bile extract by the DPPH method, analyze the correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid content with IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities. Chicken bile was cut and dried using freeze dryer, then extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. A rotary evaporator was used to concentrate the extracts. Calculation of total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant potential using DPPH assay were carried out by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and Pearson’s method was used to analyze their correlation. IC50 of DPPH of ethanolic chicken bile extract was 46.64 µg/ml, while ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were 69.99 µg/ml and IC50 71.65 µg/ml, respectively. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were given by ethanolic chicken bile extract. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in chicken bile extracts had a significant and negative correlation with IC50 of DPPH. All chicken bile extracts are potential antioxidants by DPPH assay. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in chicken bile extracts contributed together in antioxidant capacity by DPPH assay.

Effect of Enzyme Amounts Used in Gastrointestinal Digestion Upon Solubility and Caco-2 Cell Uptake Assays of Minerals from Infant Formulas

The effect of enzyme amounts used in gastrointestinal in vitro digestion upon the solubility and Caco-2 cell uptake of calcium, iron and zinc from infant formulas (IFs) was studied. Different amounts of enzymes (g enzyme/g IF), pepsin (0.002 and 0.048), pancreatin (0.0005, 0.002 and 0.01) and bile extract (0.003, 0.125 and 0.0625) were assayed. Mineral soluble contents and mineral uptakes by Caco-2 cells were affected by the enzyme amounts used in digestion. Although the highest mineral solubility (Ca 98.6 vs 46.2%; Fe 98.1 vs 83.9%; Zn 98.4 vs 83%) was obtained when the lowest enzyme (pepsin 0.002 vs 0.048; pancreatin 0.0005 vs 0.01g/g IF) and bile extract (0.003 vs 0.0625g/g IF) amounts were used, under these conditions uptake decreased with respect to that obtained when the highest amounts were used (Ca 0.4 vs 1.8%; Fe 0.3 vs 4.8%; Zn 1.7 vs 37%), that indicated a lack of relationship between solubility and absorption. Interactions among different products resulting from the proteolytic activity of digestive enzymes and minerals can modify the physicochemical forms in which minerals are available for absorption after gastrointestinal digestion.

Proteomic Analysis of Global Changes in Protein Expression during Bile Salt Exposure of Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809

ABSTRACT Adaptation to and tolerance of bile stress are among the main limiting factors to ensure survival of bifidobacteria in the intestinal environment of humans. The effect of bile salts on protein expression patterns of Bifidobacterium longum was examined. Protein pattern comparison of strains grown with or without bile extract allowed us to identify 34 different proteins whose expression was regulated. The majority of these proteins were induced after both a minor (0.6 g liter−1) and a major (1.2 g liter−1) exposure to bile. These include general stress response chaperones, proteins involved in transcription and translation and in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleotides, and several enzymes of glycolysis and pyruvate catabolism. Remarkably, xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase, the key enzyme of the so-called bifidobacterial shunt, was found to be upregulated, and the activity on fructose 6-phosphate was significantly higher for protein extracts of cells grown in the presence of bile. Changes in the levels of metabolic end products (acetate and lactate) were also detected. These results suggest that bile salts, to which bifidobacteria are naturally exposed, induce a complex physiological response rather than a single event in which proteins from many different functional categories take part. This study has extended our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the capacity of intestinal bifidobacteria to tolerate bile.

Digestive Enzyme Adjunct to Oral Headache Medication to Improve Absorption and Reduce Vomiting

Objective: To report a case in which a digestive enzyme complex (Nature's Plus Digestive Enzymes: pancreatin, pepsin, ox bile extract, malt diatase, and papain) apparently improved the absorption and efficacy of an oral headache medication and alleviated vomiting associated with the headache. Case Summary: A 47-year-old white woman with a history of adverse drug reactions and allergies had been experiencing one to four disabling headaches per week for 2 years. One or two headaches each week would be accompanied by vomiting. This patient experienced adverse effects with most standard headache medications. For 40 months since taking a complex of digestive enzymes as an adjunct to her headache medication, the patient's vomiting has been eliminated, and her postheadache symptoms have been reduced. Discussion: Altered digestive processes are a common finding in severe headache episodes. Exogenous digestive enzymes may facilitate the absorption of oral medication during gastric disruption and consequently increase drug efficacy and the relief of symptoms. Conclusions: Digestive enzymes merit further study to ascertain their effectiveness in increasing the absorption and efficacy of oral medications prescribed for headaches accompanied by emesis.