Structural Analysis of a Polysaccharide Isolated from the Alkali Extract of an Edible Mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Cultivar Black Japan

A heteropolysaccharide (PS-I) and an insoluble glucan (PS-II) were isolated from the alkaline extract of an edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju, cultivar Black Japan. The polysaccharide (PS-I) was found to consist of D-glucose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 3:1. Based on total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established.

Activity of an A-L-Rhamnosidase Produced by Aspergillus niger During Solid State Fermentation of Coffee Pulp Wastes

An α-L-Rhamnosidase released by Aspergillus niger during solid-state fermentation (SSF) using coffee pulp (CP) wastes media has been investigated. The activity of α-L-Rhamnosidase based on reducing sugar production against 2% CP alkali extract substrate in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5. The maximum activity of α-L-Rham-nosidase was obtained in sixth-day SSF with reducing sugar pro-duction of 13 μg/mL. The enzyme is actively hydrolyzed 0.1% p-ni-trophenyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (PNP-Rha) to 95% from initial concentration. Purification using DEAE-Toyopearl 650M increased hydrolysis activity ten times against the substrate, reaching 134 μg/mL of reducing sugar. Optimum enzyme activity at pH 4.5 and 50°C, while stable at pH and temperature in a pH range of 3.5-7 and below 50°C.

EKSTRAKSI KALIUM DARI ABU KULIT BUAH KELAPA (Cocos Nucifera L.) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT AQUADEST

In this research, the combustion process was performed conventionally by burning the dried coconut peel of 10 kg in a covered combustion barrel, equipped with a gauge thermometer and having been perforated for the oxygen entrance space for 3 hours with a combustion temperature ranging 500oC and produced ash of coconut peel as much as 1 kg. Extraction was performed by mixing biphasic system between coconut peel ash and aquadest solvent at stirring rate of 250 rpm, variation of time are 40 minutes, 80 minutes, 120 minutes, and 160 minutes with temperatures of 60oC and 80oC. Ash mass ratio: solvent are 5:50, 10:50, 15:50, and 20:50. Results showed that the geater the mass, temperature and extraction time, the higher concentration and pH of alkali extract will be obtained. The concentration and pH of the highest alkali extract were obtained at the ratio of the ash mass: the solvent was 20:50 for the extraction time of 160 minutes at a temperature of 80°C those are 0.775 N and 13.

Immunomodulation activity of alkali extract polysaccharide from Plantago asiatic L. seeds

The MAPK signaling pathway is greatly involved in PLP-induced macrophage cell response.

Identification of Crude Oil Components Responsible for Foaming

The foaming characteristics of a number of crude oils from a variety of sources were determined by Bikerman's pneumatic method. Extraction of these crudes with both pneumatic method. Extraction of these crudes with both alkali and acid indicated that the crude oil components responsible for the foam stability were removed by the alkali extraction. Further examination of the alkali extract revealed that after neutralization it was the chloroform soluble part of this extract (0.02% wt% of the whole crude) that was responsible for the foaming properties of the crudes investigated. This latter point was confirmed by demonstrating that the surface rheological properties of one of the extracted crudes could be restored by adding back the chloroform-soluble portion of the neutralized alkali extract. Analysis of this extract indicated that the foam-stabilizing materials were short-chain carboxylic acids and phenols of molecular weight -400. In principle, such analytical information could be used to identify principle, such analytical information could be used to identify crude oils likely to present severe foaming problems in the field. Such information could enable the process engineer to take appropriate corrective measures early in the life of a new field, thus avoiding the need for high capital expenditure at a later stage. Introduction Crude oil foams can pose major problems for operators of gas/oil separation plants, causing a loss of crude in the separated gas stream and consequent loss of revenue and possible damage to downstream compressors. Thus, an possible damage to downstream compressors. Thus, an understanding of the factors controlling crude oil foam stability is highly desirable, since it should lead to better methods of foam prediction and control. With this end in mind, we have attempted to identify those crude oil components responsible for foam stabilization. This paper outlines our findings to date and attempts to demonstrate that a similar suite of compounds is responsible for the stabilization of a wide range of crude oil foams. Experimental Materials Crude Oils. Chemical-free samples of 16 different stock-tank crude oils were obtained from a variety of sources (see Table 1). Particular care was taken to ensure that these samples were stored under nitrogen to prevent oxidation of the crudes. prevent oxidation of the crudes. Reagents used were cyclohexane, spectroscopic grade (from BDH); chloroform, general purpose reagent grade (from BDH); diethyl ether, general purpose reagent grade (from BDH); sodium hydroxide pellets, technical grade (from BDH); and SIL-PREP reagent: Applied Science Laboratories Ltd. All solvents were distilled before use, and only an 80% heart cut was taken. Techniques Foaminess Index Measurements. The foaming column used in this work consisted of a graduated glass tube approximately 30 cm [12 in.] in length with two fine sintered glass disks placed 1 cm [0.4 in.] apart, situated at the base of the tube just above the gas inlet. The gas used to create the foam is admitted to the column by way of a pressure reduction and flow meter assembly (see Ref. 1). The measurements were initiated by pipetting an aliquot of crude oil, just sufficient to cover the upper sintered disk, into the foaming column. The oil was allowed to spread over the sintered disk. Compressed air (or natural gas), flowing at a constant rate (40 cm3/sec [40 mL/min]), then was admitted to the column by way of the sintered disk and the crude oil was taken up into the froth. The bubbling was continued for 5 minutes after all the liquid had been taken up into the foam. When a homogeneous foam had been achieved, the height of the upper foam/gas interface was recorded. Three runs were performed on each crude oil studied. The foaminess index performed on each crude oil studied. The foaminess index (E) of each of the stripped and complete stock-tank crude oils then was determined by Bikerman's method. (1) where V, is the constant foam volume at time t and V is the volume of gas injected during time t. Extraction of Crude Oil Surfactants. Treatment with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was found to be the best means of extracting the acidic components in the crude oils. The oils were dissolved in cyclohexane to give 10% vol/vol solutions, thereby reducing viscosity and thus facilitating rapid phase separation. Despite this precaution some oil still was removed with the aqueous precaution some oil still was removed with the aqueous phase, which necessitated thorough back extraction with phase, which necessitated thorough back extraction with fresh solvent to ensure the selectivity of the separation. The sodium salts in the aqueous extract then were converted back to the free acids by treatment with excess mineral acid. The concentrate obtained was derived for analysis by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SPEJ P. 171