Some notes on central causal clauses in Venetian

The goal of this paper is to provide novel evidence in favor of an integration of Haegeman’s (2002) taxonomy of adverbial clause subordination by discussing some data from C-introduced causal constructs in Venetian, the Italo-Romance dialect spoken in the city of Venice. Haegeman’s model is based on a two-class categorization of adverbial structures into central clauses, in which matrix-clause phenomena (such as the licensing of some sentence-initial or sentence-final discourse particle-like items, XP-fronting) are excluded, and peripheral clauses, in which these phenomena are licit. The external-syntactic distinction predicted by this model, namely a semantic differentiation resulting from TP/VP-adjunction for central vs. CP-adjunction for peripheral adverbial clauses, has severe consequences for the internal syntax of the a/m constructions, the most striking being the absence of the upper projections of the Split CP of central constructs. The data presented in this paper, however, suggest that (at least) in Venetian, (some) main-clause phenomena may also be licensed in central adverbial clauses under specific circumstances. Additionally, it will be shown that the conclusions drawn from the observation of the Venetian data match the behavior of the same constructions in Standard Italian, as well as in other languages, under the very same conditions.

СЪСТОЯНИЕТО КАТО ПРИЧИНА: КОНСТРУКЦИИТЕ С КАКЪВТО И КАКТО С ПРИЧИННО ЗНАЧЕНИЕ / STATE AS A CAUSE: CAUSAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH КАКЪВТО AND КАКТО

Apart from their main function, the Bulgarian constructions with какъвто and както can express causal relations between the situations described in the main clause and the subordinate clause. The paper shows that in the causal use of both constructions the subordinate clause expresses a static feature, serving as a justification of the situation presented in the main clause. In addition, there is a semantic differentiation between the two models: какъвто normally expresses a usual (permanent) feature, while както denotes mostly a temporary (episodic) feature. Observations on the means used by Russian translators to convey this kind of causal meaning are also put forward. Keywords: state, causal relations, relative clauses, manner clauses, Bulgarian, Russian

Attention Bias to Pain Words Comes Early and Cognitive Load Matters: Evidence from an ERP Study on Experimental Pain

Attention bias (AB) is a common cognitive challenge for patients with pain. In this study, we tested at what stage AB to pain occurs in participants with experimental pain (EP) and tested whether cognitive load interferes with it. We recruited 40 healthy adults aged 18-27 years, and randomized them into control and EP groups. We sprayed the participants in the EP group with 10% capsaicin paste to mimic acute pain and those in the control group with water, accessing both groups’ behavioral results and event-related potential data. We found that high-load tasks had longer response times and lower accuracies than low-load tasks did and that different neural processing of words occurred between the groups. The EP group exhibited AB to pain at an early stage with both attentional avoidance (N1 latency) and facilitated attention (P2 amplitude) to pain words. The control group coped with semantic differentiation (N1) at first, followed by pain word discrimination (P2). In addition, AB to pain occurred only in low-load tasks. As the cognitive load multiplied, we did not find AB in the EP group. Therefore, our study adds further evidence for AB to pain, suggesting the implementation of cognitive load in future AB therapy.

PREDICATES OF COERCION AS A MEANS OF CATEGORICAL EXPRESSION OF WILL IN THE SEMANTIC-SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE

The article highlights the semantics of coercion predicates as one of the main means of expressing debitive modality (along with the modality of expediency, obligation, necessity, compulsion and inevitability). Predicates of coercion, in our opinion, contain in their structure the modal component of ‘will’, as one of the main modal meanings. Coercion is analyzed as a predetermined need to act contrary to smb’s own will or desire. The main means of expressing coercion semantics is the predicate to force. All coercion predicates denote the forced action of different intensity, that is, there is a semantic differentiation of coercion predicates. They are characterized by a negative connotation, since the action is undesirable, forced for the subject, contrary to their interests, will. The negative component is a constituent part of the semantics of coercion predicates. The predicates of coercion are closely related to predicates of compulsion. Thus, the predicates of coercion to constrain, to compel and to oblige can denote both the situations of coercion and compulsion. In addition, in sentences with causative verbs of coercion like to force, the positional structure differs from the one where the predicate is the modal verbs to have to, to be to. This is due to the fact that in constructions with the objective infinitive, more than one situation is explicated.

CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE DIDACTIC TERMS IN LINE WITH THEIR LEXICO-SEMANTIC STRUCTURE

The article deals with the characterization of terminological units from the aspects of lexico-semantic structures which are specific for all their semantic features due to the means of linguistic approaches. The main semantic properties of terminological units of language didactics can be studied using linguistic analysis. The criteria could be defined as following: 1) terms which are formed by lexico-semantic ways; 2) polysemantic terms; 3) terms – synonyms; 4) terms – antonyms. Semantic changes in the formation of terms owing to their polysemantic features and relationships of meanings may be found through the context. The main processes of formation and dynamic development of the terminological system of this science have been investigated thanks to materials of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages. However, it is important to define the role of a national context in the development of the terminology system of language didactics undertaking cross-cultural analysis, existing problems of comparative study of terminology, and searching relevant terms in the Russian and Uzbek languages. Semantic development of a term improves general meaning belonging to a term and changes according to its forms. However, functioning sphere of a term connects constantly developing scientific opinions for improving notions in the field of linguistics. There are a number of absolute synonyms among terms, given that it is possible to remove doubling in the subsystem or using semantic differentiation for the nomination of new conceptions. Differentiation of synonymic microsystem as opposite process of fusing a separate terminological micro-system, so another microsystem serves for determining a developing special vocabulary in all its historical sections. As a result of it there occurs the fusion of lexico-semantic variants of a single term, introduced in the integrating subsystem, but another subsystem which combines all similarity features of components of the lexical unit, transfers into poly-semantic lexical unit. The aim of the research is to improve the necessity of defining the main factors and sources of the formation and dynamic development of terminological units of this science and their usage in different socio-cultural contexts, including specific features and differences in the expansion of terms of the language didactics according to corresponding culture.

Use of 3D technology in underground tourism: example of Rzeszow (Poland) and Lviv (Ukraine)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, human mobility has been limited all over the world. People started to take advantage of computer technology to compensate for the lack of possibility of leaving their homes. Virtual travel, which can be conducted in many different ways, has become one of the ways of using this technology. Therefore, analyses have been carried out to investigate the possibility of applying 3D technology to promote underground tourist attractions. The Underground Tourist Route in Rzeszow (Poland) and the underground of the Old City Hall in Lviv (Ukraine) were selected as the research objects. They were inventoried with the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) method and with the application of the Faro Focus 3D laser scanner. Then films demonstrating virtual tour around the inventoried objects were created based on the clouds of points obtained during the measurements. As a part of the research, it was verified whether these methods could encourage people to visit the researched objects more than their standard advertisements presented on the Internet. The evaluation was performed with the use of a semantic differentiation test. The survey research carried out for this purpose was implemented using the CAWI technique. The questionnaires were available for the respondents from the last week of April 2020 to the first week of July 2020. The size of the researched group accounted for 393 people. The respondents came from 23 countries on 5 continents. The obtained results confirm that the use of 3D technology in the promotion of tourist attractions may be a good decision.

Research at a Distance: Replicating Semantic Differentiation Effects Using Remote Data Collection With Children Participants

Remote data collection procedures can strengthen developmental science by addressing current limitations to in-person data collection and helping recruit more diverse and larger samples of participants. Thus, remote data collection opens an opportunity for more equitable and more replicable developmental science. However, it remains an open question whether remote data collection procedures with children participants produce results comparable to those obtained using in-person data collection. This knowledge is critical to integrate results across studies using different data collection procedures. We developed novel web-based versions of two tasks that have been used in prior work with 4-6-year-old children and recruited children who were participating in a virtual enrichment program. We report the first successful remote replication of two key experimental effects that speak to the emergence of structured semantic representations (N = 52) and their role in inferential reasoning (N = 40). We discuss the implications of these findings for using remote data collection with children participants, for maintaining research collaborations with community settings, and for strengthening methodological practices in developmental science.

Musical Shevchenkiana of Yevhen Stankovych: Interpretation of the Poetical Word in the Oratory “Taras Passions”

The relevance of the article is to consider a new perspective of genre transformation in the Ukrainian oratorio of the 21st century, studied in the aspect of the relationship between poetic text and music. The work of Yevhen Stankovуch seems to be the pinnacle of the evolution of passions, during which textual interpolations changed and creatively renewed the genre canon. Despite the significant cultural and social resonance of the oratorio Taras Passion, its creative discoveries have not found coverage in scientific discourse yet. Main objectives of the study are to investigate the methods of conceptualizing the poetic word of Taras Shevchenko in the musical language of Y. Stankovуch’s oratorio and to reveal the genre innovations of the work. Such perspectives of analysis outline the boundaries of the novelty of this article. The research methodology is based on the methods of historical, cultural, phenomenological analysis. Their involvement is justified by the complex nature of the scientific problems of the article. Historical method reveals the general content and artistic specificity of the selected segment of Ukrainian musical history; culturological method focuses research on the different types of genres literary, artistic and musical culture; phenomenological method provides the study of certain conceptual contours and promotes the semantic differentiation involved in the analysis of multilevel cultural and artistic phenomena. Results and conclusions. The features of the uniqueness of modern oratorio opuses with the title “Passion” are determined. The ways of conceptualizing the poetic word in the choral music by Yevhen Stankovych are revealed: they are determined by the process that is able to combine various elements of Ukrainian ethnic culture as well as spiritual and religious traditions. The figurative and ideological concepts of word and music are subordinated to the main principles of the Ukrainian mentality (cordocentrism (philosophy of the heart), sacrifice and chivalry). The multidimensionality of the semantic field of Taras Shevchenko’s poetry is noted, as a result of which the real characters of the national liberation history are endowed with an aura of holiness like biblical persons. The gallery of various images of Y. Stankovych’s oratorio synthesizes the peculiarities of the national worldview and the evangelical virtues. In the pantheon of images of holy martyrs, sung in music, the composer places the image of T. Shevchenko. It is indicated that the story of the last days of the earthly life of the St. Virgin, the Prophet, Jan Hus is of particular importance. The principles of selecting fragments of T. Shevchenko’s poems for the libretto of the oratorio directly correspond to the genre canons of passions. The author defines the peculiarities of the composer’s interpretation of the personality of T. Shevchenko the poet as a prophet, patriot, bearer of the sacred Word, an ardent preacher of the ideas of spirituality, a bright exponent of the ethical position and spiritual tradition of the ethnos. At the same time, he acts as the narrator of the oratorio. The prerequisites for the transformation of the genre structure of the work of Y. Stankovych in the context of inheritance of the methods of text interpolation, up to their radical rethinking, are considered. The correspondence of the compositional and structural norms of sacred utterance in the poetry of T. Shevchenko and in the music of Y. Stankovych has been proved. It is indicated that the text genres of prayer, biblical epigraphs, retellings of passionate subjects, Church Slavonic archaic vocabulary of verses are revealed by the composer in the corresponding musical genres (znamenny chant, chorale, hymn, bellringing) and in the parameters of the expressive style. It is indicated that the drama of T. Shevchenko’s poetic style directly corresponds to the immanent qualities of a composer-symphonist and is realized by the orchestral parameter.

METAPHORICAL VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT BASKETBALL

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical and stylistic features of modern Ukrainian language sports media discourse. The study was performed taking into account certain principles of cognitive linguistics, according to which the concept BASKETBALL as a part of the conceptosphere SPORT can be interpreted as a target concept in the process of semantic shift and the formation of secondary nomination in sports comments.Methods. The research uses a general scientific descriptive method and sampling method, as well as some techniques of conceptual analysis, methods of metaphorical modeling and lexical and stylistic analysis.Results. According to the results of the study, live broadcasts with a total duration of about 14 hours were analyzed, accompanied by a Ukrainian-language or bilingual (with the participation of a Ukrainian-speaking commentator and a Russian-speaking specialist) commentary. A number of metaphorical verbalizers of the concept BASKETBALL have been recorded and characterized, which are divided into four types according to semantic differentiation – anthropomorphic, artefact, sociomorphic and natural-morphic. Within each of the types, the collected illustrative material is classified on the basis of a specific donor concept, which caused a semantic shift in associations or similarity, and divided into metaphorical models that reflect the specifics of the metaphorization mechanism, pointing to the correlated source-concept-goal pair. The semantic expediency of metaphorical verbalization of the concept BASKETBALL and stylistic functions performed in sports commentary are explained.Conclusions. Metaphorical verbalization of the concept of BASKETBALL in Ukrainian-language sports media discourse is typical for textual support of broadcasts of other sports. Based on the separation of the common seven, which caused the metaphorical transfer, the models “basketball– man”, “basketball – artifact”, “basketball – rest”, “basketball – war”, “basketball – history”, “basketball – culture”, “basketball – crime”, “basketball – nature”, which form the basis of the figurative component of sports comments.Key words: vocabulary, media discourse, metaphor, sports commentary, stylistic device. Вступ. Статтю присвячено аналізу лексико-стилістичних особливостей сучасного українськомовного спортивного медіадискурсу. Дослідження виконано з урахуванням окремих засад когнітивної лінгвістики, відповідно до яких концепт БАСКЕТБОЛ як частину концептосфери СПОРТ можна трактувати концептом-ціллю у процесі семантичного зрушення та формування вторинної номінації у спортивних коментарях цього виду спорту. Методи. У дослідженні застосовано загальнонаукові описовий метод та метод вибірки, а також окремі прийоми концептуального аналізу, методи метафоричного моделювання та лексико-стилістичного аналізу. Результати. За підсумками проведеного дослідження проаналізовано прямі трансляції загальною тривалістю близько 14 годин, що супроводжувались українськомовним або білінгвальним (за участі українськомовного коментатора та російськомовного фахівця) коментарем. Зафіксовано та схарактеризовано низку метафоричних вербалізаторів концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ, що розподілені за чотирма типами відповідно до змістової диференціації: антропоморфного, артефактного, соціоморфного та приро-доморфного. У межах кожного з типів зібраний ілюстративний матеріал класифіковано на основі визначеного концепту-джерела, що за асоціаціями чи подібністю спричинив семантичне зрушення, та поділено на метафоричні моделі, які відбивають специфіку механізму метафоризації, вказуючи на корелятивну пару концет-джерело – концепт-ціль. Пояснено семантичну доцільність метафоричної вербалізації концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ та стилістичні функції, виконувані у спортивному коментарі. Висновки. Метафорична вербалізація концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ в українськомовному спортивному медіадискурсі є типовою для текстового супроводу трансляцій різних видів спорту. На підставі виокремлення спільної семи, що спричинила метафоричне перенесення, визначено моделі «баскетбол – людина», «баскетбол – артефакт», «баскетбол – відпочинок», «баскетбол – війна», «баскетбол – історія», «баскетбол – культура», «баскетбол – кримінал», «баскетбол – природа», які становлять основу образної складової спортивних коментарів. Ключові слова: лексика, медіадискурс, метафора, спортивний коментар, стилістичний засіб.

Semantic shift as a way of meaning specialization: the case of English elearning terms

This article is devoted to the study of e-learning terminology in modern English. The processes of globalization and digitalization in the field of education and the rapid development of new Internet technologies have long been a catalytic force for the formation of e-learning terminology systems. The global pandemic situation has necessitated the transition of education to an electronic environment, thus revolutionized the education system and served as an impetus that caused a sharp increase in the frequency of e-learning terms usage in mass communication and contributed to the emergence of new terms in the researched sphere. In this regard, research aimed at identifying the specifics of e-learning terminology and the features of the meaning specialization is of particular importance. As a result of contextual analysis, a large array of newly emerged e-learning terms (1600 terminological units) was analyzed. The semantic study using the definition analysis and method of semantic differentiation shows that the semantic shift as a way of meaning specialization is a productive mechanism for the formation of new e-learning terms in modern English language. The results of the research contribute to the study of English lexicology and specifically terminology. The extensive illustrative material and the main findings of the study can particularly be used in the practice of teaching English for special purposes and in the development of e-learning materials in general