The Analysis of Surgery Patients Anxiety Reviewed from Pre Operative Services at Dr. R. M Djoelham Binjai Public Hospital

Surgery is a form of therapy that can threaten the integrity of a person's body and soul. The psychological response that usually occurs in preoperative patients is anxiety. Anxiety is an emotional reaction to subjective individual judgment, which is influenced by the subconscious and the cause is not specifically known. Type of research is quantitative and qualitative research (method mixed). This research was conducted at DR. R.M Djoelham general hospital Binjai. Qualitative population of surgeons, anesthetists and nurses at RSUD DR. RM Djoelham Binjai, samples obtained by Purposive Sampling as many as 33 people. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate (Chi Square), Multivariate (logistic regression). Based on these results it is concluded that there is a relationship between providing information, consultation and education on patient anxiety. Based on the results of the bivariate analysis, it is found that there is a relationship in the dimension of Information Giver has a value of p (sig) 0.037, consultation (sig) 0.005, education p (sig) 0,002. The concluded that there is a relationship between providing information, consultation and education on patient anxiety. Based on the results of interviews from informants, it was found that the provision of information, consultation and education before or after the operation had been implemented, both DPJP doctors, anesthetists and nursing staff.

How Reliably Can Examiners Make Form Quality (FQ) Judgments in the Absence of the Form Quality (FQ) Tables?

Form Quality (FQ) scores are well-validated measures of the accuracy of perceptive processes, of reality testing, and of the severity of psychological disturbance. Research studies reveal that inter-rater reliability of FQ scoring is good when visualized objects are available in the FQ tables. However, many visualized objects are not found in the FQ tables so that scoring must rely on one’s individual judgment. Thus, a major question remains unsolved: How reliably can examiners make FQ judgments in the absence of the FQ tables? To address this question, we used the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) method. We asked 21 graduate students from our research labs to rate Form Accuracy (FA) and FQ for 86 objects from a subset of four Rorschach card (I, III, VI, and VIII). The results clearly reveal that FQ judgments made by individual examiners without using the FQ tables are not reliable. When scoring FQ, one should carefully scrutinize the empirically supported FQ tables and base the FQ score on these rather than personal judgments.

Transformational Leadership Senior Assistant Co-curriculum: The Relationship between Perspectives and Satisfaction Among Secondary School Sports and Games Club Advisory Teachers

This study was conducted to identify the relationship between the perspective and satisfaction of school sports and games club advisory teachers on the transformational leadership of Senior Assistant Co-curriculum in Secondary schools. This study is a comparative causal study and uses the Group Sampling method involving 550 secondary school teachers in Sarawak. Pearson correlation results r = .796, p <0.05 showed that there was a high and significant relationship between the transformational leadership perspective of the Senior Assistant Co-curriculum with satisfaction among secondary school sports advisory teachers. The charismatic dimension has shown the highest relationship to the satisfaction of sports club and game club advisors and is followed by the dimension of intellectual stimulation as well as inspirational motivation. The dimension of individual judgment has shown the lowest relationship to the satisfaction of sports and game club advisory teachers. Nevertheless, the dimension of individual judgment still has a high relationship with the satisfaction of sports clubs and game club advisors. Thus, transformational leadership is proposed to the Senior Assistant Co-curriculum in secondary schools because it can influence the level of satisfaction of sports club and game club advisors in the implementation of sports activities to achieve school goals and goals.

The Strategy Aggregation Effect in Judgment

Predicting a criterion that is probabilistically related to pieces of information, or cues, is a paradigmatic judgment task that has been investigated both, in research trying to identify the individual judgment and decision making strategies people use, and in the wisdom-of-crowds literature where the focus is on how aggregation can improve accuracy. I combine these two lines of research to investigate how the performance of individual and aggregated linear strategies are affected by different environmental and group aggregation factors and how performance differences between individual and aggregated linear strategies can be understood in a unified framework. I show that constrained linear strategies are more accurate for individual judgments, but when these judgments are averaged, an unconstrained linear strategy is more accurate. This strategy aggregation effect can be understood by analyzing a decomposition of the mean squared error into bias, variance, and covariance. Because of their lower bias but higher variance, unconstrained linear strategies perform worse for individual judgments, but better for averaged judgments where aggregation minimizes variance. In simulations with artificial and real environments, I further show that this aggregation effect does not occur if there are correlations between individual judgments. Here, constrained linear strategies always outperform an unconstrained linear strategy, because the larger covariance component of the unconstrained linear strategy outweighs its lower bias. I end with real-world implications of the results for cognitive strategies and decision environments in group and organizational settings.

The Birth of Modern Belief

This book traces the history of belief in the Christian West from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, revealing for the first time how a distinctively modern category of belief came into being. The book focuses not on what people believed, which is the normal concern of Reformation history, but on the more fundamental question of what people took belief to be. It shows how religious belief enjoyed a special prestige in medieval Europe, one that set it apart from judgment, opinion, and the evidence of the senses. But with the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation, the question of just what kind of knowledge religious belief was—and how it related to more mundane ways of knowing—was forced into the open. As the warring churches fought over the answer, each claimed belief as their exclusive possession, insisting that their rivals were unbelievers. The book challenges the common notion that modern belief was a gift of the Reformation, showing how it was as much a reaction against Luther and Calvin as it was against the Council of Trent. It describes how dissidents on both sides came to regard religious belief as something that needed to be justified by individual judgment, evidence, and argument. The book demonstrates how belief came to occupy such an ambivalent place in the modern world, becoming the essential category by which we express our judgments about science, society, and the sacred, but at the expense of the unique status religion once enjoyed.

A Matter of Timing: The Relevance of the Lapse of Time between the Death and the Celebration of the Final Judgment in the Middle Ages

Between the 12th and 15th centuries there was a theological evolution of great transcendence that shook the spiritual life of the believers. The fragmentary subdivision of the geography of the beyond conditioned directly the liturgy and the rites of the faithful in their attempt to achieve salvation after death. One of the changes affected the moment in which the judgment —which would lead to the condemnation or salvation of the Christian— would take place, specifically the proximity or distance in the time of the celebration of the same. Throughout these centuries, medieval Hispanic literature has been reflecting not only this evolution but also the search for greater effectiveness in controlling the lives of believers by ecclesiastical elites. Key words: medieval literature Final Judgment; individual judgment; Purgatory; pre mortem; post mortem Resumen Entre los siglos xii y xv se produjo una evolución teológica de gran transcendencia que conmovió la vida espiritual de los creyentes. La subdivisión parcelaria de la geografía del más allá condicionó directamente la liturgia y los ritos de los fieles en su intento por lograr la salvación después de la muerte. Una de las modificaciones afectó al instante en el que el juicio —que conduciría a la condenación o salvación del cristiano— tendría lugar, concretamente a la proximidad o lejanía en el tiempo de la celebración del mismo. A lo largo de estos siglos, la literatura hispánica medieval ha ido reflejando no sólo esta evolución sino también la búsqueda de una mayor eficacia en el control de la vida de los creyentes por parte de las elites eclesiásticas. Palabras clave: literatura medieval, Juicio Final, juicio individual, purgatorio, pre mortem; post mortem.

A History of Death in the Hebrew Bible

In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, a good death meant burial inside the family tomb, where one would join one’s ancestors in death. This was the afterlife in biblical literature; it was a postmortem ideal that did not involve individual judgment or heaven and hell—instead it was collective. In Hebrew scriptures, a postmortem existence was rooted in mortuary practices and conceptualized through the embodiment of the dead. But this idea of the afterlife was not hopeless or fatalistic, consigned to the dreariness of the tomb. The dead were cherished and remembered, their bones were cared for, and their names lived on as ancestors. This book examines the concept of the afterlife in the Hebrew Bible by studying the treatment of the dead, as revealed both in biblical literature and in the material remains of the southern Levant. The Iron Age mortuary culture of Judah is the starting point for this study, and the practice of collective burial inside the Judahite rock-cut bench tomb is compared to biblical traditions of family tombs and of joining one’s ancestors in death. This archaeological analysis, which also incorporates funerary inscriptions, will shed important insight into biblical literature concerning such issues as the construction of the soul in death, the nature of corpse impurity, and the concept of Sheol. Death was a transition managed through ritual action. The connections that were forged through such actions, such as ancestor veneration, were socially meaningful for the living and ensured a measure of immortality for the dead.

Demographically diverse crowds are typically not much wiser than homogeneous crowds

Averaging independent numerical judgments can be more accurate than the average individual judgment. This “wisdom of crowds” effect has been shown with large, diverse samples, but the layperson wishing to take advantage of this may only have access to the opinions of a small, more demographically homogeneous “convenience sample.” How wise are homogeneous crowds relative to diverse crowds? In simulations and survey studies, we demonstrate three necessary conditions under which small socially diverse crowds can outperform socially homogeneous crowds: Social identity must predict judgment, the effect of social identity on judgment must be at least moderate in size, and the average estimates of the social groups in question must “bracket” the truth being judged. Seven survey studies suggest that these conditions are rarely met in real judgment tasks. Comparisons between the performances of diverse and homogeneous crowds further confirm that social diversity can make crowds wiser but typically by a very small margin.

Interpolating spatially varying soil property values from sparse data for facilitating characteristic value selection

Limit state design, incorporated into many recent geotechnical design codes, introduces the application of partial or resistance factors to selected characteristic values. Partial or resistance factors are usually set by national standard organizations, while characteristic values of geotechnical parameters are selected by engineers, often based on sparse measurement data combined with subjective engineering experience and judgment. Due to this subjective selection and individual judgment, the characteristic value derived by different engineers from the same dataset may vary greatly, especially when the test data contain significant variability. To address this issue, a new method based on Bayesian compressive sampling (BCS) is proposed in this study. BCS is able to reconstruct a high-resolution geotechnical property profile from sparse measurement data and quantify the uncertainty, e.g., confidence interval (CI) associated with the interpreted profile. The quantified uncertainty in the BCS has a clear statistical meaning: the corresponding confidence level for a CI from the BCS is the expected coverage proportion (i.e., fraction) of the complete profile that falls within the CI, if all data points along depth can be measured to provide the complete profile. This statistical meaning can be used to facilitate objective determination of characteristic values for geotechnical properties.