Effect of intermittent hypoxic intervention on aerobic and anaerobic performance of the elite athletes

Objective: The use of hypoxic training has increased to improve the performance of endurance athletes in recent years. Due to not having the suitable conditions and environment for each athlete and team, intermittent hypoxic training has been noted. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic and anaerobic performance of elite athletes. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 elite distance athletes were taken into our study and divided into two groups as hypoxia and normoxia. While using the intermittent intervention for the hypoxic group 5 minutes intervals for a total of 1 hour per day, 3 days per week for a-4 week period, the same normoxic training protocol was used for the normoxic group. Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters were measured with venous blood samples of the athletes in the first three days before and after hypoxic intervention. Results: When the hypoxia and normoxia groups were evaluated before and after intermittent hypoxia, there was no statistically change in aerobic and anaerobic performance values (p>0.05). Conclusion: We observed that there was not a statistical change of intermittent hypoxic intervention for the performances of hypoxic group. However, the more dose and the duration of hypoxic training, the more amount of performance gain can be achieved.

Examination of University Students' Nomophobia, Coping with Stress, and Anger Expression Styles

Aim: With this study, it is aimed to examine the nomophobia, coping with stress and anger expression styles of university students. Methods: A total of 532 university students (n=201 female; n=331 male) participated in the study. While the personal information form created by the researcher was used for socio-demographic data, the nomophobia scale developed by Yıldırım and Correia (2015) and adapted into Turkish by Yıldırım et al. (2016) for smartphone addiction, Anger Expression Style Scale, developed by Spielberger et al. (1983) and adapted to Turkish by Özer (1994), was used to determine anger expression styles, and the "Stress Coping Style Scale", which was developed by Folkman and Lazarus (1980) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin and Durak (1995), was used to determine stress coping styles. The homogeneity and variances of the data were tested, Independent Samples t Test was used for pairwise comparisons, One Way Anova was used for multiple comparisons, and Tukey HSD test was used to determine the source of difference. Results: While no statistical change was observed in the dimensions of coping with anger and stress depending on the gender factor, it was determined that the mean value of males was statistically higher than that of females in all nomophobia dimensions (p<0.05). There was no statistical change in the values of anger, nomophobia and coping with stress depending on the age and accommodation factors of the students. Conclusion: Today, the fact that female and male are closer to each other in respect of social status and social roles can be seen as the reason for the similarity in the values of anger expression and coping with stress. Results related to high nomophobia of males values can be evaluated as they are more addicted to smartphones than females. Keywords: Nomophobia, University Student, Stress, Anger

Examination of University Students' Nomophobia, Coping with Stress, and Anger Expression Styles

Aim: With this study, it is aimed to examine the nomophobia, coping with stress and anger expression styles of university students. Methods: A total of 532 university students (n=201 female; n=331 male) participated in the study. While the personal information form created by the researcher was used for socio-demographic data, the nomophobia scale developed by Yıldırım and Correia (2015) and adapted into Turkish by Yıldırım et al. (2016) for smartphone addiction, Anger Expression Style Scale, developed by Spielberger et al. (1983) and adapted to Turkish by Özer (1994), was used to determine anger expression styles, and the "Stress Coping Style Scale", which was developed by Folkman and Lazarus (1980) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin and Durak (1995), was used to determine stress coping styles. The homogeneity and variances of the data were tested, Independent Samples t Test was used for pairwise comparisons, One Way Anova was used for multiple comparisons, and Tukey HSD test was used to determine the source of difference. Results: While no statistical change was observed in the dimensions of coping with anger and stress depending on the gender factor, it was determined that the mean value of males was statistically higher than that of females in all nomophobia dimensions (p<0.05). There was no statistical change in the values of anger, nomophobia and coping with stress depending on the age and accommodation factors of the students. Conclusion: Today, the fact that female and male are closer to each other in respect of social status and social roles can be seen as the reason for the similarity in the values of anger expression and coping with stress. Results related to high nomophobia of males values can be evaluated as they are more addicted to smartphones than females. Keywords: Nomophobia, University Student, Stress, Anger

Lung function changes of divers after single deep heliox diving

ObjectivesThis study detects the changes in pulmonary function of divers after 80m, 100 m, and 120 m helium-oxygen (heliox) dive. Methods: A total of 26 divers participated in the experiment, of which 15 divers performed the 80m dive, 5 divers performed the 100m dive, and 6 divers performed the 120m dive. The exposure phases included breathing heliox or air in water and O2 in the hyperbaric chamber. Pulmonary function (forced flow-volume) was measured twice before diving, within 30 minutes after diving, and 24 hours after diving. The parameters examined were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expired flow from 25% to 75% volume expired (FEF25-75%), 25-75 percent maximum expiratory flow as compared with vital capacity (MEF 25-75%) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Results: FEV1/FVC and MEF25% markedly decreased (p = 0.0395, p = 0.0496) within 30min after the 80m dive, but returned to base values at 24h after the dive. Other indicators showed a downward trend within 30min after 80m heliox diving (no statistical difference). Interestingly, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, MEF decreased after 100m heliox dives, but there was no statistical difference. However, in the 120m heliox dive, FEV1/FVC and MEF75% significantly decreased again after diving (p = 0.0098, p = 0.0073). The relatively small number and more proficient diving skills of divers in 100m and 120m diving may be responsible for the inconsistent results. But when the diving depth reached 120m, results again showed a significant statistical change. Conclusion: Single deep heliox diving can cause temporary expiratory and small airway dysfunction, which can be recovered at 24h after diving.

Analysis of anxiety, guilt and embarrassment changes of university students who do and do not do sports

This study aims to analyze anxiety, guilt and embarrassment changes of university students who do and who do not do sports depending on some socio-demographic factors. In the study conducted with university students, a total of 585 university students are included, 307 of students whom do sports and 278 of students who do not do sports. “Beck Anxiety Inventory”, developed by Beck et al. (1988) and adapted to Turkish and conducted reliability and validity studies by Ulusoy et al. (1998), has been used to determine depression levels and “Guilt-Embarrassment Scale” developed by Şahin and Şahin (1992) has been used to determine the levels of guilt and embarrassment. Independent sample t test for paired comparison, One-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons, Tukey HSD test to determine the source of difference were used. In the study, Cronbach's Alpha value has been determined as .75 for Beck Anxiety Inventory and .82 for Guilt-Embarrassment Scale. As a result, it has been determined that changes depending on doing sports and gender factors are statistically significant (p < 0.05). No statistical change has been observed depending on shelter and income factors. In the light of these findings, it has been found that anxiety scores are higher in males while guilt scores are higher in females. It is thought that this result can be caused by the physical and mental changes between male and female, as well as the socio-cultural structure, the social role and status given to female and male. It can also be said that the sport positively affects anxiety and does not have any effect on guilt and embarrassment.

Pruning of genetic programming trees using permutation tests

We present a novel approach based on statistical permutation tests for pruning redundant subtrees from genetic programming (GP) trees that allows us to explore the extent of effective redundancy . We observe that over a range of regression problems, median tree sizes are reduced by around 20% largely independent of test function, and that while some large subtrees are removed, the median pruned subtree comprises just three nodes; most take the form of an exact algebraic simplification. Our statistically-based pruning technique has allowed us to explore the hypothesis that a given subtree can be replaced with a constant if this substitution results in no statistical change to the behavior of the parent tree—what we term approximate simplification. In the eventuality, we infer that more than 95% of the accepted pruning proposals are the result of algebraic simplifications, which provides some practical insight into the scope of removing redundancies in GP trees.