Neural Evidence Suggests Both Interference and Facilitation from Embedding Regularity into Visual Search

In this work, we relied on electrophysiological methods to characterize the processing stages that are affected by the presence of regularity in a visual search task. EEG was recorded for 72 participants while they completed a visual search task. Depending on the group, the task contained a consistent-mapping condition, a random-mapping condition, or both consistent and random conditions intermixed (mixed group). Contrary to previous findings, the control groups allowed us to demonstrate that the contextual cueing effect that was observed in the mixed group resulted from interference, not facilitation, to the target selection, response selection, and response execution processes (N2-posterior-contralateral, stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential [LRP], and response-locked LRP components). When the regularity was highly valid (consistent-only group), the presence of regularity drove performance beyond general practice effects, through facilitation in target selection and response selection (N2-posterior-contralateral and stimulus-locked LRP components). Overall, we identified two distinct effects created by the presence of regularity: a global effect of validity that dictates the degree to which all information is taken into account and a local effect of activating the information on every trial. We conclude that, when considering the influence of regularity on behavior, it is vital to assess how the overall reliability of the incoming information is affected.

The Fast-Mapping Abilities of Adults With Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose The aim of the study was to determine the integrity of fast mapping among adults with developmental language disorder (DLD). Method Forty-eight adults with DLD or typical language development (TD) were presented with 24 novel words and photos of their unfamiliar referents from the semantic categories of mammal, bird, fruit, or insect in two conditions. In the fast-mapping condition, 12 of the 24 unfamiliar referents were presented, one at a time alongside a familiar referent (e.g., a dog) and a question (e.g., Is the tail of the torato up? ). In the explicit-encoding condition, the other 12 unfamiliar referents were presented alone, one at a time, with a label (e.g., This is a spimer ). Immediately after exposure (T1) and again after a 1-day interval (T2), memory for the word-to-exemplar link was measured with a three-alternative forced-choice test, requiring the participant to match a spoken word to one of three pictured referents from the training set. At T2, memory for semantic category information was measured with a four-alternative forced-choice test, requiring the participant to match a spoken word to one of four prototypical silhouettes representing each of the semantic categories. Results Performance on word-to-exemplar link recognition was stronger for words learned in the explicit-encoding than the fast-mapping condition and stronger for the TD group than the DLD group. Time was not a significant factor as both groups maintained posttraining levels of performance after a 1-day retention interval. Performance on semantic category recognition was stronger for words learned in the explicit-encoding than the fast-mapping condition and stronger for the TD group than the DLD group. The lower category recognition performance of the DLD group was related to their lower nonverbal IQ scores. Conclusion Contexts that allow for explicit encoding yield better learning of word-to-referent links than contexts that allow for fast mapping in both stronger and weaker learners. Adults with DLD have difficulty learning the link between words and referents, whether trained via fast mapping or explicit encoding and whether tested with exemplar or category referents. Retention is a relative strength for adults with DLD. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12765551

Disentangling stimulus and response compatibility as potential sources of backward crosstalk

In two experiments (N= 60 each), we investigated the locus of backward crosstalk effects in dual tasking. Specifically, we embedded the typical flanker task within a dual-task paradigm by assigning stimulus-response (S-R) rules to the flankers. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to first respond to the center letter and only respond to the flanker if the center was a no-go stimulus (i.e., prioritized processing paradigm). Mapping condition was varied between-subjects to be either matched (i.e., same S-R rule for flankers as for center letters), reversed (i.e., opposite S-R rule for flankers), or neutral (i.e., different letters for flankers with separate S-R rules). The results indicated that the backward crosstalk effect was mainly driven by a stimulus-based compatibility, as indicated by a significant S2−R1 compatibility effect in the matched and reversed conditions, with little change in this effect between the matched and reversed conditions. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings to a psychological refractory period paradigm. The present findings suggest that in the matched and reversed conditions, there was only one S-R rule active at a time.

MAPPING CONDITION BAHAN AJAR DAN LKS PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DI PONDOK PESANTREN DKI JAKARTA

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam khususnya terhadap pelaksanaan bahan ajar dan LKS pendidikan jasmani di Pondok Pesantren di DKI Jakarta. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Populasi penelitian adalah lembaga pendidikan Pondok Pesantren yang berada di lima wilayah Provinsi DKI Jakarta yaitu Pondok Pesantren Al Wathoniyah, Al Itqon, Al Hamid, Al Jauhariyah, Al Qalam, An Nur, An Nuriyah, As Shiddiqiyah, Darunnajah, Miftahul Ulum, Persis 69, PTDI Al Qesmaniyah, Al Hidayah, Asy-Syawarifiyah Malaka. Sampel penelitian diperoleh melalui teknik sampel bertujuan (purposive sample). Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah guru dan kepala sekolah terkait Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Jasmani di pondok pesantren di DKI Jakarta. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komponen assessment / penilaian bahan ajar dan LKS; dua komponen ini merupakan peluang bagi ponpes, tetapi pada kenyataannya kurang dikembangkan, sehingga cukup mendatangkan masalah bagi pelaksanaan pendidikan jasmani di Pondok Pesantren di DKI Jakarta. Kata kunci : Assessment bahan ajar, assessment LKS, Pendidikan jasmani, Pondok Pesantren, DKI Jakarta

Metaphor in Translation: Cognitive Perspectives on Omar Khayyam’s Poetry as Rendered into English and Kurdish

As cognitive linguistics puts it, metaphor as a cognitive phenomenon can not be relegated to linguistic expression. Therefore, in order to analyze metaphor in translation, cognitive translation hypothesis investigates its translatability and metaphorical equivalence at the conceptual level. However, in such case, the conceptual metaphor is dealt with without considering its significant relationship to the cultural models. Based on Cienki’s theory (1999) postulating that the relation of the conceptual metaphor to the cultural model is similar to that of a profile to a base, and that the possibility of the interpretation and production of the conceptual metaphor depends on the cultural model, the present research reinvestigates the cognitive translation hypothesis from this perspective. The research findings reveal that translators have mostly been successful in translating metaphors dependent on shared cultural models, however, have failed to recreate metaphors dependent on non-shared cultural models. Accordingly, same mapping condition and different mapping condition are strongly dependent on the relationship between metaphors and cultural models. Thus SMC and DMC should be redefined in relation to cultural model.

Technology-supported collaborative concept maps in classrooms

This article explores how the use of concept mapping, with and without technology support, assists students in learning complex concepts to which they may have had limited previous exposure. Students were engaged in a group-based concept mapping activity, wherein they created two concept maps over the course of several weeks in a large lecture class. A quasi-experimental design was used in which students were randomly assigned to groups of three, and groups were randomly assigned to concept mapping condition: (a) using pencil/paper followed by using an iPad application or (b) using an iPad app followed by using pencil/paper. Concept maps were scored for complexity (correctness and elaborateness), and scores were compared within group and between groups across conditions (pencil/paper vs. iPad app). Results showed that concept maps did not differ in quality between conditions or across time. Moreover, there was no significant difference between examination scores of the students. Finally, content analysis was conducted on students’ written evaluations of the pros and cons of concept mapping using pencil/paper and using the iPad app. Student evaluations indicated both pros and cons for each concept mapping condition.

Alternatives to generic preference-based measures: mapping, condition-specific measures, bolt-ons, vignettes, direct utility assessment, and well-being

This chapter describes the methods and critically reviews the alternatives to generic preference-based measures (GPBMs) of health. Although there is considerable evidence for the validity and responsiveness of GPBMs in many conditions, but despite this, in these conditions they are often not used in clinical trials. Furthermore, GPBMs have been shown to be insensitive for some conditions. One alternative is to map from other health or clinical measures on to one of the GPBMs. Another is to devise a more relevant condition-specific preference-based measure, or use a bespoke vignette (scenario) describing the impact of the condition. A variant of this approach would be to add extra dimensions to GPBMs in order to improve their relevance to some conditions. Finally, there has been a growing interest in the measurement of well-being to help extend the descriptive component beyond health and the values to better reflect experience rather than preferences.