Population Growth and Economic Development: Theoretical Arguments and Empirical Findings— A Survey of Literature

The relationship between population growth and economic development has remained a controversial topic since the time of Malthus. Opinion among the scholars on this issue is sharply divided. This article examines the theoretical arguments about the likely consequences—positive or negative—of higher population growth on economic development and looks at the empirical findings on the issue based on the survey of literature in the field. The article traces the historical profile of demographic change in the developed and the developing countries over the last two centuries and analyses the factors behind them with particular reference to China and India. The implications of the findings for population control policy are also examined. There is a growing realisation of the fact that fertility decline is dependent upon socio-economic development. There is a general consensus among demographers that policies for fertility reduction should stress voluntary decisions on the part of the individuals concerned rather than compulsion and should be conceived in the context of a much wider programme for social, economic, and political development. The positive and negative incentives in this situation have a limited role to play in this context.

Trisyn-modellen – ulike forståelser av problemene

The Triview Model – Three Views of a Problem Everyone knows that the top levels of academia are still often imbalanced, with more men than women. This is commonly described as an absence of women, or a «leaky pipeline» towards the top. But how is this imbalance understood and reflected upon? And what does the understanding of the problem of gender imbalance mean for the overall culture of the organization? This chapter looks at how gender and gendered differences are described and discussed at the University of Oslo’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, extending the social analysis (chapter 7) and the structural analysis (chapter 8) in the direction of discourse and cultural analysis, based on the very concrete main issue of the FRONT project: the top level imbalance. Why is it there? What do faculty staff and students say, about this? Three typical views appear in the FRONT material, and are presented and discussed: first, that the gender imbalance is not a problem, or only a small problem; second, that it is a problem, but mainly a women’s problem, and third, that it is a systemic problem. The chapter includes a historical profile of how these three views have developed and a discussion of how they work to hinder or help gender equality change in the organization.

Nursing societies in Santa Catarina state (1975-2018)

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand nursing representative entities’ articulations and the influence on nursing. Methods: a qualitative study of a historical-social approach with a conceptual framework by nurse Denise Elvira Pires de Pires. With a historical profile from 1975 to 2018, five former presidents of Brazilian Nursing Association - Santa Catarina Section and Regional Nursing Board of Santa Catarina were interviewed. The methodology for understanding data was through Bardin’s content analysis. Results: the board structuring and performance generated changes in the relations between the two entities and debate about the role and power of representation of each one. There were periods of approach and removal, with consequences for professional representation effectiveness. Conclusions: nursing valuation and recognition as a profession in society has a strong influence on entities’ performance that represent it. The union of them, politically or organizationally, is necessary and urgent.

Evolution of “Academic Sector” of Soviet Historical Science in 1920s—1960s.

The evolution of the “academic sector” of Soviet historical science is analyzed, the process ofits formation and subsequent development is considered. The relevance of the study is due to themethodological searches of modern historiography, focused on the study of the internal mechanismsof the development of the research tradition. The author identifies the main stages of building theorganizational structure of the Soviet academic historical science, relying on a wide range of publishedand previously not introduced into circulation of archival documents, as well as taking intoaccount the latest developments of modern historiographers. The author believes that the model oforganizing historical research within the framework of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formedunder the influence of the pre-revolutionary tradition and institutional “experiments” of the first yearsof Soviet power. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the first stageof the formation of the “academic sector” of Soviet historiography fell on the 1930s and was associatedwith the formation of the “academic center” — the Moscow institutes of the Department of Historyand Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the second stage of this process endedin 1950s and assumed the formation of “academic periphery” — institutions of the historical profile of branches, bases and departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences and republican academies of sciences. The author believes that the formation of the “academic sector” took place under the influence of external (political-ideological) and internal (scientific) factors.

L’INSEGNAMENTO DELLA COMPETENZA PRAGMATICA / TEACHING PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

This paper aims to analyze the possibility of a diachronic approach to pragmatic competence in a foreign language. The main objective of the paper is to examine the methods that were used by the authors of grammar books published before the 20th century with the goal of ascertaining to what extent it was possible to teach pragmatic competence. The main hypothesis is that methods for teaching pragmatic competence existed even before the 20th century, but that complex theories and methodologies did not. To that end we adapt the modern speech act theory as a framework for analysis of grammars for foreigners, I analyze the historical profile of the foreign language learner, and I individualize possible language needs in a diachronic perspective. The central part of the research consists of a qualitative analysis of speech acts from Casotti (1709) and of the analysis of their communicative role. The results implied by this research can further be used for research in the field of didactics – both historical and modern – and that of historical linguistics, more specifically historical pragmatics.

Scientific and organizational activity of the staff of the History Institute of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences (1929–1941)

The Institute of Нistory of the National Academy of Sciences ofBelarusis the leading research institution of historical profile in the Republic. The history of the Institute testifies to the formation and development of Belarusian historiography. The article reveals the scientific and organizational activities of the staff of the Institute of Нistory of theAcademyofSciencesof the BSSR in the pre­war period. The influence of the socio­political situation on the change in the organizational structure and personnel of the Institute is shown: historians of the “old school” gave way to representatives of the new Marxist paradigm. The conclusion is made about the establishment of methodological monopolism in Soviet historical science. The author analyzed the process of formation and change of the main directions of historical research in the development of the concept of the history ofBelarusin 1929–1941. It is noted that in scientific research, priority was given to the problems of the history of the revolutionary movement, class struggle, and Soviet construction.