Defensive pharmacy practice: a gap in our understanding

Defensive practice is prevalent across healthcare disciplines and much study has been performed on this behaviour in medicine and nursing. However, little research has been carried out on defensive practice in pharmacy, despite its potential to increase healthcare costs, reduce quality of care and affect pharmacist job satisfaction. With a more litigious society emerging and greater level of regulation, the pharmacy profession shares many of the influences of defensive practice identified in other healthcare professions. As a result, pharmacists too may engage in defensive practice behaviours in order to protect themselves from the perceived risk of litigation. Research in this area is necessary to identify how this phenomenon affects the profession and to develop methods of improving pharmacy practice. While this type of research would not be without challenges, it could form the basis for policy change and greater professional representation, ultimately improving quality of care for patients.

Professional Representation in Civil and Administrative Legal Proceedings in the Russian Federation

In this article, the authors analyze the changes in civil procedural legislation. The research featured the issues of qualification for legal representatives in all categories of cases, with the exception of cases considered by magistrates and district courts. The study was based on the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which initially provided no exceptions for this rule. The authors believe that the expansion of the sphere of professional representation requires an analysis of these amendments and existing regulations on professional representation from the point of view of constitutional right to judicial protection and the right to receive qualified legal assistance. A certificate of higher legal education or an academic degree in a legal specialty does not always indicate the level of professionalism. A professional representative should also have positive practical experience, as well as strive for professional development. The authors assessed the classification of cases that require a professional representative. In this article, they criticize the current monopoly of lawyers on representation in civil court and argue the uselessness of establishing the education and qualification of a representative in its current form. The professionalization of the institution of legal professional representation is possible only under the conditions of the evolutionary development of procedural relations and the imperative consolidation of the rules of a competitive professional process.

Representation in court in civil cases by lawyer as a representative

Introduction. The authors note that despite significant changes in the institution of representation, there are many problems in practice, so its research and modernization are relevant now. The right to protection is one of the constitutional human rights. The purpose of the paper is to study the institution of representation by a lawyer in civil proceedings and to clarify the problems that may arise in practice. Results. This paper is devoted to the study of the form of legal assistance by a lawyer through representation. The paper considers the legal aspects of the concept of legal assistance, representation, as well as types of legal services. It should be noted that the paper pays considerable attention to the representation in court in civil cases by a lawyer as a representative. The authors have determined that at present only a lawyer can be a representative who provides legal assistance. Analyzing the information, it has been found out that this is related to the amendments made to the legislation, which aimed at modernization and improvement of the institute of representation in Ukraine. The paper considers different opinions on the concentration of the exercise of the functions of legal assistance by lawyers. It is concluded, that the professional representation is necessary for implementation of the human right to adequate legal assistance. It should be noted that the possibilities of further improvement of the institute of representation through legislative proposals were considered. Conclusion. The authors concluded that the institution of representation has undergone positive changes. In practice, there are some contradictions, so this issue needs further improvement.

Nursing societies in Santa Catarina state (1975-2018)

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand nursing representative entities’ articulations and the influence on nursing. Methods: a qualitative study of a historical-social approach with a conceptual framework by nurse Denise Elvira Pires de Pires. With a historical profile from 1975 to 2018, five former presidents of Brazilian Nursing Association - Santa Catarina Section and Regional Nursing Board of Santa Catarina were interviewed. The methodology for understanding data was through Bardin’s content analysis. Results: the board structuring and performance generated changes in the relations between the two entities and debate about the role and power of representation of each one. There were periods of approach and removal, with consequences for professional representation effectiveness. Conclusions: nursing valuation and recognition as a profession in society has a strong influence on entities’ performance that represent it. The union of them, politically or organizationally, is necessary and urgent.

Professional Representation in Russian Courts: The Application Practice

The article reveals the exceptions to professional representation in court (the rules on the mandatory presence of a representative in the court of higher legal education or a degree in law). This requirement does not apply to patent attorneys in disputes related to the legal protection of intellectual property results and means of individualization, arbitration managers in the performance of their duties in a bankruptcy case. An exception to the General rule is also legal representation, representation of organizations by bodies of legal entities. However, the head of a representative office (branch) of a legal entity must submit to the court documents on higher legal education or academic degree in a legal specialty. An auditor or a member of the chamber of Commerce and industry must have a higher legal education or a degree in law in the case of representation in court.

Escala de avaliação da constituição da identidade profissional do bacharel em educação física (Assessment scale of the constitution of professional identity of the bachelor in physical education) (Escala de evaluación de la constitución de la identidad pr

Resumo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo construir e validar o instrumento “Escala de avaliação da constituição da identidade profissional do bacharel em Educação Física” (EAECP). O processo estruturou-se em cinco etapas, conforme proposto por Pasquali (2010): Construção das questões; Validade de conteúdo; Reprodutibilidade e fidedignidade do instrumento; Validação do constructo e Avaliação da consistência interna do instrumento. A partir das dimensões da representação profissional (Silva, 2003), dos 44 itens elaborados 11 foram eliminados pela redundância de ideias. Na etapa de validade de conteúdo outras oito questões foram eliminadas, resultando em 25 questões, mantidas pela avaliação de reprodutibilidade e fidedignidade. O modelo de Análise Fatorial Confirmatória evidenciou ajustamento adequado após a exclusão das oito questões e a realização de cinco correlações. A etapa de avaliação de consistência interna do instrumento apresentou bom índice. Os resultados evidenciam que o instrumento proposto composto por 17 questões distribuídas nas dimensões possui propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias e adequadas para verificar o nível de contribuição percebido pelos estudantes acerca do estágio curricular na construção da identidade profissional.Abstract. The purpose of this study was to construct and validate the instrument "Assessment scale of the constitution of professional identity of the bachelor in Physical Education" (EAECP). As proposed by Pasquali (2010), the process was structured in five steps: Construction of the issues; Validity of content; Reproducibility and reliability of instruments; Validation of the construction, and Evaluation of the internal consistency of the instrument. Based on the theory of professional representation, 44 elements were developed, of which 11 were eliminated due to redundancy of ideas. In the content validity step, eight other questions were eliminated, resulting in 25 questions. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis showed adequate suitability after the exclusion of eight more questions, and the achievement of five correlations. The internal consistency of the instruments presented a good level. The results show that the questionnaire, composed of 17 questions distributed in the dimensions have satisfactory psychometric properties that are adequate to analyse the contribution level perceived by students about the practice for the construction of professional identity.Resumen. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo construir y validar el instrumento “Escala de Evaluación de la Constitución de la Identidad Profesional del bachiller en Educación Física” (EAECP) El proceso se estructuró en cinco etapas, según lo propuesto por Pasquali (2010): Construcción de las preguntas; Validez de contenido; Reproductibilidad y fiabilidad del instrumento; Validación del constructo y Evaluación de la consistencia interna del instrumento. A partir de la teoría de la representación profesional (Silva, 2003), 44 elementos fueron elaborados, 11 fueron eliminados en razón de la redundancia de ideas. En la etapa de validez de contenido, otras ocho fueron eliminadas, quedando finalmente en 25 preguntas, mantenidas por la evaluación de reproductibilidad y fiabilidad. El modelo de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio evidenció un ajuste adecuado tras la exclusión de las ocho preguntas y la realización de cinco correlaciones. La etapa de evaluación de consistencia interna presentó un buen índice. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento propuesto compuesto por 17 preguntas distribuidas en las dimensiones tiene propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias y adecuadas para verificar el nivel de contribución percibido por los estudiantes sobre la práctica en la construcción de la identidad profesional.

Teachers as Zookeepers? How Picture Books Describe Classroom Management

Engaging the lens of classroom management, this research explores how teachers have been represented in children’s picture books as classroom managers. Picture books from the A-Zoo 7th Edition (2005) serve as a foundational data set to explore how the personification of teachers and the reality of the teaching experience are mirrored over time. Charteris’s heuristic of epistemological shudders (2014) —identifying a paradox which opens up possibilities for meaning making—was utilized alongside Krippendorff’s (1989) content analysis framework. Findings inform how the representation of teachers has portrayed a postmodern, deconstructive worldview regarding classroom management and professional representation, inviting further study into society’s ongoing perceptions of the teacher.

Professional Portrait of History Teacher in Coordinates of Modern Russian Historical Education

Classical background, topics of schooling history in high school and university bring attention to the existence of global challenges of the 21st century common today. These calls necessitate the creation of new historical study from the younger contemporaries allowing to enter consciously the real world of the people living before and near it, able to analyze historical events, owning proper, commercial, socio-political knowledge, valuing cultural traditions of other people. In the article elements of a professional representation of the history teacher of the 21st century are discriminated from positions of modern historical and pedagogical approaches, it is determined that the main ways of development of professionalism are the scientific character of historical thinking of the teacher, development of individual style of teaching and participation in innovative activity. The practical value of results consists of the practical use of conscious need of the modern teacher of history for continuous professional self-improvement.

Cassation Attorneys in the Polish Civil Proceedings

The text presents selected issues concerning parties’ obligatory professional representation in Polish cassation proceedings. It depicts the present regulation against a historical and comparative background. As its shape kept evolving over the years, its premises have been regularly revisited in the course of a doctrinal discussion. In recent times especially one question came to prominence. It touches upon an idea to introduce a special group of legal representatives who would be endowed with an exclusive right to act in the proceedings before the Supreme Court. The text recreates historical background of this institution in the Polish law and juxtaposes it with the present state, taking into account the nature of cassation proceedings, as well as the prospects of introducing such a legal specialisation in the future.