Co-liquefaction of Shengli lignite and Salix psammophila in a sub/super-critical water-ethanol system

The co-liquefaction of Shengli lignite and Salix psammophila was used to produce the bio-oil with sub/super-critical water-ethanol as the reaction medium in a WHF-0.1 stainless steel autoclave. The effects of experimental conditions including reaction temperature, holding time, the ratio of S. lignite to S. psammophila, and addition of catalyst were investigated. NaOH is most beneficial to co-liquefaction of S. lignite and S. psammophila. The characteristics of bio-oil and solid residue under the best conditions were determined, and the chemical compositional analysis of bio-oil was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the solid residue after the liquefaction. The melting degree of S. lignite in co-liquefaction residue was deeper than that in L-residue, which showed there is a synergic effect between S. lignite and S. psammophila in co-liquefaction.

Factors Controlling the Chromium Isotope Compositions in Podiform Chromitites

The application of Cr isotope compositions to the investigation of magmatic and post-magmatic effects on chromitites is unexplored. This study presents and compiles the first Cr stable isotope data (δ53Cr values) with major and trace element, contents from the Balkan Peninsula, aiming to provide an overview of the compositional variations of δ53Cr values in ophiolite-hosted chromitites and to delineate geochemical constraints controlling the composition of chromitites. The studied chromitites exhibit δ53Cr values ranging from −0.184‰ to +0.159‰, falling in the range of so-called “igneous Earth” or “Earth’s mantle inventory” with values −0.12 ± 0.11‰ to 0.079 ± 0.129‰ (2sd). A characteristic feature is the slightly positively fractionated δ53Cr values of all chromitite samples from Othrys (+0.043 ± 0.03‰), and the occurrence of a wide range of δ53Cr values spanning from positively, slightly negatively to the most negatively fractionated signatures (Pindos, δ53Cr = −0.147 to +0.009‰; Skyros, δ53Cr = −0.078 to +0.159‰). The observed negative trend between δ53Cr values and Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios may reflect a decrease in the δ53Cr values of chromitites with increasing partial melting degree. Alternatively, it may point to processes related to magmatic differentiation, as can be seen in our data from Mikrokleisoura (Vourinos).

Effect of binary rare earth oxide on the properties of plasma sprayed Al2O3/TiO2 coatings

Purpose This study systematically investigated the effect of the binary rare earth oxide of La2O3 and Sm2O3 on the properties of the Al2O3/TiO2 (AT) coating, including phase transform, wear behavior, etc. Design/methodology/approach AT coatings mixed with different components of binary rare earth oxides of La2O3 and Sm2O3 are prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. The adhesion strength, micro-hardness, phase transition and tribological behavior of coatings are systematically investigated. Findings The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that phase transformation is obvious after spraying, and a-Al2O3 is almost translated into γ-Al2O3 when La2O3 and Sm2O3 are doped together. Meanwhile, solid solution generated between rare earth oxide and Al2O3/TiO2 coatings results in disappearance of TiO2 and rare earth oxide phase. The photos under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that binary rare earth oxide could increase the melting degree of powder and decrease porosity of coatings.The increasing of Sm2O3 rarely affect micro-hardness and adhesion strength, and the coating with 4 per cent Sm2O3 and 1 per cent La2O3 exhibits the best wear resistance and lowest friction coefficient among all the samples. Originality/value AT coatings mixed with different components of binary rare earth oxide of La2O3 and Sm2O3 are prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. Binary rare earth oxide could increase the melting degree of powder and decrease porosity of AT coatings.

Thermal Performance of a Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material Floor with Different Heating Positions

An effective method to reduce energy consumption for heating a building is by incorporating shape–stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) in building floors. In this study, a new type of SSPCM with increased thermal conductivity is formulated through a self–established experimental device. A model to analyze the thermal performance of the SSPCM floor is developed. The model is used to analyze the thermal performance of the SSPCM floor with two heating positions, one at the bottom and the other in the middle of the SSPCM. Results show that when the heating position is in the middle of the SSPCM, the melting speed is faster and the melting degree of SSPCM is larger than when it is at the bottom.

The geochemistry of Archaean plagioclase-rich granites as a marker of source enrichment and depth of melting

ABSTRACTIn geochemical diagrams, granitoids define ‘trends’ that reflect increasing differentiation or melting degree. The position of an individual sample in such a trend, whilst linked to the temperature of equilibration, is difficult to interpret. On the other hand, the positions of the trends within the geochemical space (and not the position of a sample within a trend) carry important genetic information, as they reflect the nature of the source (degree of enrichment) and the depth of melting. This paper discusses the interpretation of geochemical trends, to extract information relating to the sources of granitoid magmas and the depth of melting.%Applying this approach to mid-Archaean granitoids from both the Barberton granite–greenstone terrane (South Africa) and the Pilbara Craton (Australia) reveals two features. The first is the diversity of the group generally referred to as ‘TTGs’ (tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites). These appear to be composed of at least three distinct sub-series, one resulting from deep melting of relatively depleted sources, the second from shallower melting of depleted sources, and the third from shallow melting of enriched sources. The second feature is the contrast between the (spatial as well as temporal) distributions and associations of the granites in both cratons.