Loss of mature D1 leads to compromised CP43 assembly in Arabidopsis thaliana

Background Photosystem II (PSII) is a highly conserved integral-membrane multi-subunit pigment-protein complex. The proteins, pigments, lipids, and ions in PSII need to be assembled precisely to ensure a proper PSII biogenesis. D1 is the main subunit of PSII core reaction center (RC), and is usually synthesized as a precursor D1. D1 maturation by the C-terminal processing protease CtpA is essential for PSII assembly. However, the detailed mechanism about how D1 maturation affects PSII assembly is not clearly elucidated so far. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana CtpA mutant (atctpa: SALK_056011), which lacks the D1 mature process, was used to investigate the function of this process on PSII assembly in more details. Results Without the C-terminal processing of precursor D1, PSII assembly, including PSII monomer, dimer, especially PSII supercomplexes (PSII SCs), was largely compromised as reported previously. Western blotting following the BN-2D-SDS PAGE revealed that although the assembly of PSII core proteins D2, CP43 and CP47 was affected by the loss of D1 mature process, the incorporation of CP43 was affected the most, indicated by its most reduced assembly efficiency into PSII SCs. Furthermore, the slower growth of yeast cells which were co-transformed with pD1 and CP43, when compared with the ones co-transformed with mature D1 and CP43, approved the existence of D1 C-terminal tail hindered the interaction efficiency between D1 and CP43, indicating the physiological importance of D1 mature process on the PSII assembly and the healthy growth of the organisms. Conclusions The knockout Arabidopsis atctpa mutant is a good material to study the unexpected link between D1 maturation and PSII SCs assembly. The loss of D1 maturation mainly affects the incorporation of PSII core protein CP43, an inner antenna binding protein, which functions in the association of LHCII complexes to PSII dimers during the formation of PSII SCs. Our findings here provide detailed supports of the role of D1 maturation during PSII SCs assembly in higher plants.

Process And Materials Effect In Organic Coating Of Architectural Steels

Coil roll coating is an industrially mature process to produce pre-coated steels at high speeds.30% sales by revenue for Tata steel colors, UK is attributed to the manufacture of architectural steels which is primarily used for composite panels for cladding systems. A research programme has been carried out which has examined the mechanisms by which the coating is picked up from the coating trough by the roll, with a reference to a defect where an insufficient coating is transferred leading to a defect named paint misses (PMD). A comprehensive study of a pair of coatings, one which demonstrated PMD and one which did not identify that their performance difference could be attributed to differences in rheology. The coating extensional viscosity and elasticity were identified as indicators of the behaviour. The identification of these primary rheological characteristics was corroborated through a blind test of a further pair of coatings where PMD had been observed on the coating line. The ability of the pickup roller to pull the coating from the trough and apparent wall slip (AWS) near the surface were identified as the dominant mechanisms. These mechanisms were also identified in a laboratory-scale simulation of the pickup cylinder rotating in the coating trough. Model PVC coatings were manufactured where the pigment concentration and solvent level was varied independently to develop the further underlying relationship between material rheology and coating pick up. The Mooney analysis method used to examine the slip behaviour was found to be inadequate for describing the behaviour of the liquid coatings. The deviation between idealised and real behaviour increased as polymer and pigment mass fraction increased. The quantity of coating picked up by the roll was found to be difficult to measure accurately due to the presence of the ribbing phenomena, which was particularly evident on the commercial coating systems. Additionally, liquid coating pickup tended to reduce with roll speeds and decreased with increasing pigment fraction (and hence viscosity). The study recommends an updated Quality Control (QC) system for checking the liquid coatings prior to being introduced to the process coating line.

Proses dan teknik supervisi

The process and technique of educational supervision is very important because education requires a mature process for achhieving the desired educational goals. Supervision is a very series of activities that are regular and orderly and related to one another and directed towards a goal.

Proses dan teknik supervisi

The process and technique of educational supervision is very important because education requires a mature process for achhieving the desired educational goals. Supervision is a very series of activities that are regular and orderly and related to one another and directed towards a goal.

Evaluation of amniotic hydrogel’s impact on the development of murine pre-antral follicles in mouse model

Global average infertility rate is about 6– 12%, and in Vietnam at around 7.7%. As a result, there is a high demand for treatment, especially for female infertility. In vitro maturation (IVM) was evaluated and proven to be the most popular and promising at the moment. In long-term cultivation, the follicle was observed to extend, therefore, the usage of a supporting frame is quite necessary to maintain follicle’s natural sphere structure as well as completing the mature process. Amniotic membrane is an avascular membrane, composed of collagen, fibronectin, nidogen, proteoglycan, containing a big number of growth – factors with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, low immunogenicity and viscoelasticity properties. Amniotic hydrogel owns structure formed with thin fibers to help preserve the main component as collagen, which can turn to gel form at 37 degree Celsius. With those properties, amniotic hydrogel showed high potential as a scaffold for the follicle. When amniotic hydrogel is used as a scaffold for cultivating of secondary follicle (100 – 130 µm), the size of oocyte and follicle increased after 12 days of culturing, along with the formation of antrum. The results demonstrated the possibility to use amniotic hydrogel as a scaffold for the development of the secondary follicle.

Systems Development Process Improvement Using Principles from Organization Development

A large part of the time used on information systems is used on application maintenance. Whereas parts of this work are non-productive, other activities are small value-creating projects, and it is important to use the time for application maintenance on such activities. This chapter presents the introduction of an application management methodology using techniques from organization development. Often process improvement is run in a top-down manner. A case study has been performed to assess the effectiveness of a bottom-up organization development technique for an application management unit. The different parts of the organization have been successful in reaching the first “mature” process maturity level (level 2). More importantly, other goals on decreased time used on addressing critical errors and more time used for value-added projects have been reached. Although good results have been achieved, further process improvement is believed to need to take a more top-down approach.

The Model of the Korla Fragrant Pear Mature Based on Effective Accumulated Temperature

In order to investigate the mature law of Korla fragrant pear with mathematics method, Korla pears in Aksu area be taken as the study object, and the fruit hardness and soluble solid content (SSC) be selected as the research index. The data of the two indices in the mature process are analyzed with Excel, SigmaPlot and Matlab. To draw the change rule of indices and establish the mathematical mode. The research shows that the effective accumulated temperature reaching up 3000°C to 3843°C is main mature stage of the Korla fragrant pear, and there is an accelerating stage in which. The change rule can be precise description by the established mathematical model that can provide reference for fruit maturity modeling.

Processo de Gestão Estratégica em Universidades Privadas: Um estudo de casos

The aim of this article is to describe and understand how Strategic Management is designed, implemented and monitored in private universities. The data analysis has revealed which factors have affected the Strategic Management process in these universities, its characteristics, the actors involved in this process and, finally, the relationship between planning and performance. The results have also shown that in two universities (cases A and B) their Strategic Management is already a mature process, which was designed in order to create a vision of the future and help both universities to deal with environmental pressures. By contrast, the third case (C) revealed that its Strategic Management has not reached yet the same level of maturity observed in the other two cases.

LÉTI’S TWO STEP APPROACH IN THE DOMAIN OF 3D INTEGRATION

In a first time confined to labs and then R&D centers, 3D integration technologies have now gained maturity and are now penetrating the industrial world. More and more, R&D centers are approached to back the industrial developments with associated constraints of swift product development, prototyping, and short time-to- market. To face this paradigm, Léti has developed a specific two-step approach in the field of 3D integration, including both a very advanced R&D part focused on the most promising technologies and integration flows, and the industrial validation of the most mature process flows already assessed at the laboratory scale or on specific industrial themes. This talk aims to detail the two aspects of this dual approach:-In the first part, we will give an overview of the innovative R&D performed on the still nascent and most promising integration flows, as well as the associated technological means.-in the second part, we will present the prototyping activities that Léti is now offering. Based on a limited number of mature and already validated process steps (bonding and thinning, TSV, bumping, stacking) this generic integration scheme allows industrial customers to assess on their own wafers the benefits of an innovative 3D integration.