Composting treatment of fur waste originating from tannery

The tanning industry generates effluents with a high contaminant load represented in a considerable amount of liquid, solid, and gaseous waste. Solid waste, such as residual hair, fat, and meat, are dumped directly in landfills, triggering serious environmental problems. The objective of this research was to compost this waste, previously desulfurized, in a mixture with remnants from pruning as a bulking agent. This low-cost strategy may reduce the total amount of waste. A composting pile was created using residual hair and pruning remnants in a proportion of 3:1 (w/w) and then an inoculum was added. The waste degrading process ran for 141 days, followed by a maturation period of 64 days. Throughout the process, the temperature, moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The highest temperature reached was 69.7°C, which secured good disinfection. The EC was 0.27 dS/cm, having lower values than Spanish regulations, possibly due to the salt removal over the irrigation periods. The organic matter content decreased continuously, to reach an endpoint of 42%; this result agrees with the high organic matter content of the tannery waste and the pruning remnants. Germination index was 43.55%, which indicates the presence of phytotoxic substances. As compared to the initial value (10.73%) there was partial degrading of these substances. The challenge is to improve this parameter by identifying new mixtures and adding efficient microorganisms that help to degrade phytotoxic substances.

Artificial wetland planted with Limonium Perezzi, for the treatment of wastewater from tanning

The wastewater from leather tanning contains different types of pollutants depending on the internal process that is carried out, in particular, the riparian and tanning stages provide the greatest contaminant load within the process, in terms of organic matter, grease and oils, chlorides, chromium, sulfides among other substances. This study analyzed the efficiency of a biological treatment system, consisting of artificial wetlands of horizontal subsurface flow, in order to evaluate the removal of salinity and organic load present in the water produced during the process of soaking leathers. Two prototypes were tested, one planted with Limonium perezzi and the other unplanted as a control parameter, the wetlands were operated for 32 days. The results show that the planted wetland removes 49.2% of the initial chloride present (44,414.8 mgCl-/L) in the water and 86.2% of the total organic carbon (755.9 mgC/L). It was demonstrated that artificial wetlands are still a viable and efficient alternative in terms of organic load removal, on the other hand, the selected plant showed a very good performance in the treatment of wastewater because of its high tolerance to high concentrations of salt dissolved in the water, reaching perspiration of sodium chloride crystals through the leaves and stem.

GLOBAL-FATE (version 1.0.0): A geographical information system (GIS)-based model for assessing contaminants fate in the global river network

GLOBAL-FATE is the first open-source, multiplatform, user-friendly, and modular contaminant-fate model operating at the global scale linking human consumption of pharmaceutical-like compounds with their concentration in the river network. GLOBAL-FATE simulates human consumption and excretion of pharmaceuticals, the attenuation of the contaminant load in waste water treatment plants as well as the attenuation of the contaminant load in river reaches, lakes, and reservoirs as a first-order decay depending on residence time. We provide a comprehensive description of model equations and the overall structure of the model, with special attention to input–output datasets. GLOBAL-FATE is written in C, can be compiled in any platform, and uses inputs in standard geographical information system (GIS) format. Additionally, the model can be run in the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) as a plug-in. The model has no built-in working resolution, which depends on the intended use and the availability of appropriate model inputs and observed data. We exemplify the application of GLOBAL-FATE solving the global concentration of diclofenac in the river network. A comparison with a dataset of diclofenac concentration observations in rivers suggests that GLOBAL-FATE can be successfully applied in real-case modelling exercises. The model is particularly sensitive to the generation of contaminant loads by human pharmaceutical consumption and to the processes governing contaminant attenuation in the river network. GLOBAL-FATE will be a valuable tool for the scientific community and the policymaking arena and could be used to test the effectiveness of large-scale management strategies related to pharmaceutical consumption control and waste water treatment implementation and upgrading.

GLOBAL-FATE: A GIS-based model for assessing contaminants fate in the global river network

GLOBAL-FATE is an open-source, multiplatform, and flexible contaminant fate model that links human consumption of pharmaceutical-like compounds with their concentration in the river network at the global scale. GLOBAL-FATE simulates human consumption and excretion of pharmaceuticals, the attenuation of the contaminant load in wastewater treatment plants, and runoff and contaminant routing along the river network under steady-state, including first order decay of the contaminant in rivers reaches, lakes, and reservoirs. We provide a comprehensive description of model equations and the overall structure of the model, with particular attention to input/output datasets. GLOBAL-FATE is written in C and can be compiled in any platform, and uses inputs in standard GIS format. Additionally, the model can be run inside QGIS as a plug-in. The model has no built-in working resolution, which depends on the user inputs. We exemplify the application of GLOBAL-FATE solving the global concentration of diclofenac in the river network. A comparison with a dataset of diclofenac concentration observations in rivers suggest that GLOBAL-FATE can be successfully applied in real case modelling exercises. The model is particularly sensitive to the generation of contaminant loads by human pharmaceutical consumption, and also to the processes governing contaminant attenuation in the river network.

KEANEKARAGAMAN MOLUSKA BERDASARKAN TEKSTUR SEDIMEN DAN KADAR BAHAN ORGANIK PADA MUARA SUNGAI BETAHWALANG, KABUPATEN DEMAK (Molluscs Diversity based on Sediment Texture and Organic Matter Content in Betahwalang Estuary, Demak Regency)

Muara Sungai Betahwalang merupakan ekosistem yang mendapat masukan dari kegiatan penduduk daerah pemukiman sekitar dan dari Sungai Jajar. Muatan pencemar akan mempengaruhi kondisi muara terutama substrat dasar pada sungai Betah walang. Tekstur dan kandungan bahan organik di dalam sedimen menentukan keberadaan moluska. Tekstur sedimen merupakan tempat untuk menempel dan merayap atau berjalan, sedangkan bahan organik merupakan sumber makanan bagi moluska. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman moluska, tekstur sedimen dan kadar bahan organik, serta untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode Purposive Sampling. Sampel diambil pada 5 stasiun dan masing-masing stasiun terdiri dari 3 titik. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa terdapat 10 genera dari kelas Gastropoda yaitu Littorina, Cerithidea, Turritella, Clathrodrillia, Fasciolaris, Conus, Filopaludina, Pila, Melanoides dan Telescopium dan 4 genera dari kelas Bivalvia yaitu Anadara, Mesodesma, Mytilus dan Donax. Karakteristik substrat di muara Sungai Betahwalang adalah liat dan liat berpasir dengan kadar bahan organik berkisar antara 6,2-17,4 %. Hubungan moluska dengan tekstur sedimen terutama liat mempunyai korelasi positif dengan persamaan y = 6.94x + 224.0 (r = 0.535). Hubungan moluska dengan bahan organik mempunyai korelasi positif dengan persamaan y = 33.44x + 271.1 (r = 0.507) dan R2 = 0.257 Betahwalang Estuary is an ecosystem that gets input from the activities of the surrounding residents area and from the Jajar River. Contaminant load from upstream will affect the condition of the substrate in Betah walang river. Texture and organic matter content in the sediments determine the presence of molluscs. Sediment texture is a place for molluscs to stick, crawl or walk, while organic matter is a source of food for them. The purpose of this research is to know the diversity of molluscs, sediment textures and organic matter content, and to know the relationship between those variables. The method used is survey method with sampling using Purposive Sampling method. Samples were taken at 5 stations and each station consisted of 3 spots. The results show that 10 genera of the Gastropod class were Littorina, Cerithidea, Turritella, Clathrodoillia, Fasciolaris, Conus, Filopaludina, Pila, Melanoides and Telescopium and 4 genera of Bivalves class were Anadara, Mesodesma, Mytilus and Donax. Betahwalang estuary are characterized by clay and sandy clay with organic material content between 6,2-17,4%. The relationship of molluscs with sediment texture, especially clay, has a positive correlation with the equation y = 6.94x + 224.0 (r = 0.535). The relationship of molluscs with organic matter has a positive correlation with the equation y = 33.44x + 271.1 (r = 0.507).

FLUKTUASI KANDUNGAN AMONIA DAN BEBAN CEMARAN LINGKUNGAN TAMBAK UDANG VANAME INTENSIF DENGAN TEKNIK PANEN PARSIAL DAN PANEN TOTAL Fluctuations of Ammonia and Pollution load in Intensive Vannamei Shrimp Pond Harvested Using Partial and Total Method

ABSTRAK Kemajuan teknologi budidaya udang di Indonesia semakin pesat, seiring dengan berkembangnya budidaya Udang Putih Vaname (Litopenaus vannamei), sebagai komoditas ekonomis di tambak selain udang windu dan bandeng. Budidaya intensif Udang Vaname dicirikan dengan padat penebaran benih tinggi dan penggunaan pakan tambahan. Manajemen pakan yang kurang baik, berakibat pada timbulnya sisa pakan, secara perlahan-lahan akan meningkatkan kadar bahan pencemar dan menurunkan kualitas air tambak. Upaya yang dikembangkan untuk mengurangi masukan nutrien dari pakan selama budidaya udang vaname intensif adalah metode panen parsial, yaitu melakukan pemanenan udang secara bertahap (parsial) saat proses budidaya berlangsung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi fluktuasi amoniak, menganalisa sumbangan beban cemaran amoniak ke lingkungan serta mengkaji kelayakan usaha budidaya udang vaname intensif dengan teknik panen parsial dan panen total. Panen parsial dilaksanakan umur 65 hari pada petak 2B, sedangkan panen total petak 2A dan 2B umur 80 hari pemeliharaan. Hasil yang diperoleh kandungan amoniak di akhir periode pemeliharaan petak 2A (panen total) dan petak 2B (panen parsial) adalah 0,120 mg/l dan 0,050 mg/l dengan nilai indeks kualitas air Prakash yang sama yaitu 51,11 kriteria kualitas air sedang. Sumbangan beban cemaran amoniak terhadap lingkungan petak 2A sebesar 7,667 kg/ha/th, petak 2B sebesar 3,164 kg/ha/th. Penilaian kelayakan ekonomi dari biomassa Udang Vaname yang dipanen secara total dan parsial. Hasil perhitungan teknik panen total nilai NPV Rp 88.448.362: IRR 27,09 ; B/C 2,11, teknik panen parsial NPV Rp 426.601.399 ; IRR 69,02: B/C 2,30. Kedua teknik panen mencerminkan usaha layak untuk dilanjutkan. Teknik panen parsial. mampu meminalkan sumbangan beban cemaran ke lingkungan serta memberikan keuntungan usaha lebih besar Rp 9.063.000/siklus/petak dibandingkan teknik panen total. Perlu adanya upaya pengolahan buangan air limbah di akhir pemeliharaan sebelum dibuang ke perairan umum agar memenuhi syarat baku mutu effluent. Kata kunci: vaname, amonia, intensif, panen parsial, panen total ABSTRACT Technological development of shrimp farming in Indonesia is growing rapidly, along with the development of white shrimp(Litopenaus vannamei) aquaculture, which is an economically viable commodity in pond culture besides tiger prawn and milkfish. Vanamei intensive shrimp aquaculture is characterized by a high stocking density of seeds and the use of additional feed. Poor feed management will result in the increase of food residue and gradually increases the levels of pollutants that degrade the water quality. Efforts to reduce nutrient inputs of feed for shrimp farming is partial harvesting method by harvesting shrimp in stages (partial) during the period of culture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of ammonia, analyzing environmental contaminant load and study the feasibility of intensive shrimp farming of vanamei with partial harvesting techniques and the total harvest. Partial harvest was held at the age of 65 days for plots 2B, while the total harvest was done at plots 2A and 2B at 80 days. The results of ammonia concentration at the end of the culture period 2A plots (total harvest) and plots 2B (partial harvest) was 0.120 mg / l and 0.050 mg / l respectively, with similar Prakash water quality index of 51.11. Ammonia contamination load in plots 2A was 7,667 kg / ha/years, and plots 2B was 3,164 kg / ha/years. Results of the NPV value of total harvest was Rp 88,448,362: IRR 27.09; B / C of 2.11 whereas for partial harvesting techniques NPV Rp 426 601 399; IRR 69.02: B / C 2.30. Partial method techniques of vanamei harvest can be minimalizing contaminant load in environmental and was more feasible because it provides greater profit of Rp. 9.063 million / cycle / plot. Efforts are required to discharge wastewater treatment at the end of the culture period before being released into the surrounding environment in order to meet the required effluent quality standarts. Keywords: vanamei, ammonia, intensive, partial harvest, total harvest