Coatings Functionalization via Laser versus Other Deposition Techniques for Medical Applications: A Comparative Review

The development of new biological devices in response to market demands requires continuous efforts for the improvement of products’ functionalization based upon expansion of the materials used and their fabrication techniques. One viable solution consists of a functionalization substrate covered by layers via an appropriate deposition technique. Laser techniques ensure an enhanced coating’s adherence to the substrate and improved biological characteristics, not compromising the mechanical properties of the functionalized medical device. This is a review of the main laser techniques involved. We mainly refer to pulse laser deposition, matrix-assisted, and laser simple and double writing versus some other well-known deposition methods as magnetron sputtering, 3D bioprinting, inkjet printing, extrusion, solenoid, fuse-deposition modeling, plasma spray (PS), and dip coating. All these techniques can be extended to functionalize surface fabrication to change local morphology, chemistry, and crystal structure, which affect the biomaterial behavior following the chosen application. Surface functionalization laser techniques are strictly controlled within a confined area to deliver a large amount of energy concisely. The laser deposit performances are presented compared to reported data obtained by other techniques.

Improving the results of treatment of patients with purulent diseases of fingers and hands using laser irradiation and photodynamic therapy

Despite the evolution in modern surgery and in pharmaceutical industry, purulent pathology of the hand is occupying a leading position for many years among all diseases with which patients are admitted to hospitals. Over the years, medical care for such patients has been improving. A high social and economic significance of this problem makes surgeons to continue searches of new directions not only in surgical techniques, but also in postoperative wound management to improve outcomes in patients with purulent diseases of the hand.The purpose of this work is to assess results of care of patients with purulent finger and hand diseases treated with laser light necrectomy and photodynamic therapy. A comparative analysis of wound process dynamics and treatment outcomes in 198 patients with hand purulent diseases who had been admitted to Moscow City Hospital No. 4 was made by the authors. All patients were divided into four groups depending on the curative modality. In Group 1 (n = 53), a wound was sutured after surgery, and a drainage-lavage system (DLS) was installed; in Group 2 (n = 50), a wound was not sutured because of contraindications to suturing; in Group 3 (n = 46), patients had laser necrectomy after which a wound was sutured and DLS was installed; in Group 4 (n = 49), a wound was not sutured because of contraindications like in Group 2, but it was treated with antiseptic dressings and photodynamic therapy at an early postoperative period. Various aspects of the effectiveness of laser techniques have been analyzed: dynamics of wound healing, changes in wound defect size, level of pain syndrome assessed by VAS, changes in clinical blood tests, changes in wound exudate cytological picture as well as changes in wound microflora. Acceleration of wound healing was noted in all patients who were treated with laser light what, consequently, shortened their inpatient stay. Laser light also changed cytological and microbiological patterns of wound exudate, as evidenced by the decrease of wound detritus and by the decrease of microbial content in the wound. In patients, who were treated with laser light, less pain syndrome was registered immediately after laser technique application.The obtained findings demonstrate a positive effect of laser necrectomy with DLS at wound process as well. Photodynamic therapy significantly improved results in patients with open wound management on the hand and fingers. Laser techniques have good perspectives in purulent surgery of the hand.

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Laser Techniques on the Choroidal Thickness

Background Retinopathy is a common and specific microvascular complication of diabetes. Clinical and experimental findings suggested that choroidal vasculopathy in diabetes may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) can analyze choroidal structure and histopathological changes in diabetes. Purpose To compare choroidal thickness (CT) before and after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), modified grid laser (MGP) and combined (panretinal photocoagulation & modified gird laser) using SD-OCT. Design Comparative prospective non-randomized case study, included 30 eyes of 30 patients from both sexes aging from 15 to 60 years. All patients were from Ain-Shams University Hospitals outpatient clinics. Patients were divided into 3 equal groups: Group A Patients with PDR underwent PRP, Group B: Patients with macular edema (ME) underwent MGP, Group C: Patients with PDR&ME underwent combined (PRP & MGP). All cases underwent SD-OCT with CT measurement before and at 1 & 3 Mns after laser therapy with assessment of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results Mean age of participant was 50.83 ± 5.34 (SD). The mean CT in group A at baseline was 329.00 ± 36.08 μm (SD). This was increased to 336.40 ± 35.64 μm at 1 month then was decreased to 309.10 ± 38.87 μm at 3 Mns after laser therapy. This was showed highly statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.000). In group B the CT at baseline was 328.90 ± 19.69 μm. This was decreased to 313.90 ± 17.83 μm & 288.90 ± 23.10 μm after 1 & 3 months respectively with highly statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.000). While in group C the mean CT at baseline 329.80 ± 21.06 μm. This was decreased to 318.10 ± 19.25 μm, 300.40 ± 17.98 μm at 1 & 3 months after combined laser respectively. This was showed highly statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding preoperative and postoperative (after 1&3 Mns) CT. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the studied groups regarding preoperative BCVA (P-value = 0.437). While P-value showing highly statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding postoperative BCVA (P-value = 0.000). Conclusion The Choroidal thickness decreased in all 3 studied groups; suggesting that all laser techniques may reduce choroidal vascular permeability or cause atrophy of choroidal vessels over a 12-week period.

Chosen applications and approaches to modeling lasers in dentistry

Historically, although the first indications for the use of lasers in general were in dentistry, coming as a relief from the sound of the drill and mechanical contacts, it still seems somewhat that the entry in various ways of lasers in dentistry has been slower. This is somewhat true for the situation at the continents (e.g. USA much later approved the application relative to Europe). This paper analyzes the potential and existing applications of lasers in dentistry in a wide range of existing types, including interaction with dental tissues, in terms of surgical applications, on living tissue, the prosthetic area of applications and therapeutic doses. There is another special feature that can be recognized is the precise determination of the color of the material (teeth and prosthetics) and in general the determination of the composition of the material including classic, but also modern laser techniques (LIBS, complimentary techniques, tooth tissue, bone) and especially in the case of the first Q switch systems related to pain reduction, because the short pulse favors the intervention rate (ns, ps and fs). Special attention should be paid to modeling of interaction and analysis with the appropriate software support.

Unequal but monozygotic

Twin–twin transfusion is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in monochorionic twins. Its pathogenesis has been gradually elucidated over the last three centuries. There was a long-lasting controversy among obstetricians regarding the existence of placental anastomoses and whether or not to tie the placental end of the firstborn infant’s cord. However, a twin pregnancy practically never could be ruled out. Stalpart van der Wiel described a twin–twin vessel connection in 1687. Studies on interfetal anastomoses by injecting dyes into placental vessels were published by Smellie in 1752, Osiander in 1781, and Brachet in 1821. Different types of anastomoses, and their associated fetal disorders were classified by Schatz in a series of papers in the late 19th century. With the advent of ultrasound and laser techniques, prenatal diagnosis and treatment became available in the last decade of the 20th century.

Desain Permainan 3D Puzzle Dengan Bentuk Hewan Khas Kalimantan

Game is a children’s growth and development activities that create a sense of joy and pleasure, also can become a place to channel the feelings that exist in the children. In design this product there are problems that must to be solved like how to make 3D puzzle by bringing the theme of native animals from Borneo that suitable to the standard of terms making Educational Game Tools, with a level of difficulty that is able to be understood by children. 3D puzzle games with native animals from Borneo shape has created with the intention of children can be expected to have skills in problem solving, reasoning, and understanding the pictures or shapes from the puzzle arrangements. The design methodology that used on the product is the methodology that developed by Vinod Goel (1995) which divided into 3 stages such as preliminary design, design development, and final design & development. Results from the design analysis obtained, the authors use laser techniques to simplify the manufacturing process and the materials that has light weight light, resistant to water, also made according to the standard of making product Educational Game Tools in order to make a safe games, that suitable for the age of the children, easily to fit separate pieces together, and follow the children's anthropometric tables based on survey results. The 3D puzzle game of this product chooses 8 types of native animals from Borneo, that namely known as Kucing Merah, Bekantan, Linsang, Beruang Madu, Burung Enggang, Pesut Mahakam, Gajah Kerdil, Lutung Merah. This game also provide the existence of the animal name cards from Borneo