The Effect of Sanitation Felling on the Spread of the European Spruce Bark Beetle—An Individual-Based Modeling Approach

Sanitation felling is considered as the main measure to protect managed forests from damage due to outbreaks of the European Spruce Bark Beetle. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of sanitation felling on stopping the spread of a bark beetle population from an un-managed to a managed forest area. For this, we advance an individual-based dispersion model of Ips typographus by adding the influence of wind on the beetle dispersion and by importing GIS data to simulate real world forests. To validate the new model version and to find reasonable parameter values, we conduct simulation experiments to reproduce infestation patterns that occurred in 2015, 2016, and 2017 within the national park Saxon Switzerland, Germany. With the then calibrated model IPS-SPREADS (Infestation Pattern Simulation Supporting PREdisposition Assessment DetailS), we investigate the impact of different factors such as the distance between beetle source trees and the forest border on the amount of damage within the managed forest stand and test the effectiveness of different levels of sanitation felling and its point of action on reducing the amount of damaged trees. As expected, the results of the model calibration show that the direction of wind plays an important role for the occurring infestation patterns and that bark beetle energy reserve is reduced during mass outbreaks. The results of the second experiment show that the main drivers for the amount of damaged trees are the primary attractiveness and the distance to beetle source trees. Sanitation felling effectiveness is highest when performed near the beetle source trees, with considerably high felling intensities and if there is at least some distance to the managed forest. IPS-SPREADS can be used in future studies as a tool for testing further management measures (e.g., pheromone traps) or to assess the risk for bark beetle infestations of forest areas near to wind-felled or already infested trees.

Diagnosis and Distribution of Hard Ticks in Cows in Mosul City-Iraq

The present study included the diagnosis of three species of hard ticks belong to the family Ixodidae parasitizing 72 cows out of a total of 145 cows examined, with a total distribution ratio of 49.6% in the eastern and western regions of Mosul city. Tick species were diagnosed according to morphological and standard characteristics such as palps, capitulum, coxa, scutum, anus, and spiracles. Ticks of H. anatolicum anatolicum recorded the highest prevalence and distribution ratio in cows of 48.6%, followed by both B. annulatus and R. turanicus with 34.7%, 16.7% respectively. As for specifying the patterns of ticks’ distribution on cows, it was observed that a pattern of single infestation recorded the highest distribution ratio of 51%, followed by a double-infestation of 19.4%, while a mixed infestation pattern recorded the lowest ratio of 9.7%. With regard to the distribution of tick species on the body areas per tick species, the results showed the prevalence and distribution of H. anatolicum anatolicum tick species on the back was 44.1%, B. anaulatus recorded the highest prevalence ratio of 29% in the ear, while R. truanicus recorded the highest prevalence in the ear, back, and Axillary of 37.1%, 28.5%, and 20% respectively. The results concerning the distribution of tick species in each area of the body showed the prevalence of H. anatolicum anatolicum in the ear area by 51.1%, both H. anatolicum and anatolicum recorded the highest prevalence ratio in the tail by 51.6% and 43.6% respectively, and the highest prevalence of H. anatolicum and anatolicum species was found in the back by 72%, while the highest prevalence of B.annaulatus was found in the udder and Axillary of 57.9% and 56.4% respectively. Nevertheless, the results illustrated that no significant difference had been found regarding the distribution and prevalence of tick species in the eastern and western regions of the city of Mosul.

How long does it take to know a species? Redescription, vocalization, and chigger mites infestation pattern in the centenary Brachycephalus garbeanus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Although we celebrate the centennial of Brachycephalus garbeanus’ discovery, little progress has been done on understanding this species’ biology apart from a few morphological and ecological studies, which includes its redescription based on three specimens from the type-series, microhabitat use, sexual dimorphism in body size, and feeding habits. This species is endemic to the Serra dos Órgãos Mountain range, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Here we redescribe B. garbeanus based on a wide sampling, including its advertisement and aggressive calls, and also the chigger mites infestation pattern. The advertisement call is longer than 25.8 s with pulsed notes series emitted at an average rate of 2.3 notes/s and 14.1 pulses/s; long inter-note interval with 320 ms; notes with distinctly short pulses (1 to 16 ms); low dominant frequency for this genus (3.0-5.4 kHz) and presence of four harmonics. This species is often parasitized by chigger mites of Hannemania, with a prevalence of infection of 67%, mainly affecting the ventral body surface. Females had a higher prevalence of parasites than males and there was no correlation found between the size of specimens and the number of parasites. Our study, provides an important and overdue taxonomical contribution, including a large amount of novel information for B. garbeanus.

Identifikasi dan Pola Infestasi Caplak pada Biawak Air (Varanus salvator, Byers, d. 2000)

The aim of this study is to identify the type of ticks infestation pattern on water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator, Byers, D. 2000) with regard parameters water monitor lizard species, stadium and region of the water monitor lizard’s body. The total samples of 250 ticks from 30 water monitor lizard (18 male lizards and 12 female lizards) were collected every day starting from noon to evening during July to August 2019 at the monitor slaughtering place in Buduran District, Sidoarjo Regency. The tick samples were identified by the permanent mounting slide method without staining and put in bottles containing 10% KOH for 1-10 hours, then each stadium used a nikon eclipse E100 microscope with a 40x magnification binocular microscope. Data was analyzed using Multiple Correspondance Analytics. The result indicate that 30 V. salvator (100%) are positive infested by tick and the samples obtained consisted of 133 Aponomma sp. and 117 Amblyomma sp. in all regions of the body.

A Two-Year Simulated Crop Rotation Confirmed the Differential Infestation of Broomrape Species in China Is Associated with Crop-Based Biostimulants

In Yanqi County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, broomrape species (Orobanche cumana Wallr and Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers.) contribute to significant losses of processing tomato and sunflower. During the past decades, a significant infestation pattern was observed between these broomrape species with no scientific peer-reviewed explanation. A two-year pot experiment simulating the crop rotation and an independent hydroponic experiment were performed to address the problem and indicate the main reason behind the differential infestation pattern. Different varieties of three crops (sugar beet, pepper, and wheat) were grown in rotation with tomato and sunflower to identify a crop-rotation induced control mechanism on these two broomrape species. Germination bioassays were performed in vitro to identify stimulation of plant biochemicals collected as methanolic shoots/roots extracts and root exudates on the germination patterns of broomrape seeds. Results indicated that sunflower broomrape soil seed banks reduced during the two-year crop rotation; however, Egyptian broomrape seed banks did not alter and the resulting parasitism significantly reduced tomato growth. Seed germination bioassays confirmed that the methanolic shoot/root extracts successfully stimulate sunflower broomrape seeds germination but fail to stimulate Egyptian broomrape seeds germination. Root exudates collected from hydroponically grown crops also confirmed differential germination patterns in both broomrape species. Current results are of vital importance to explain the control effect of a crop rotation system and moreover, lay the foundation to study the genetic evolution of broomrape species that results in their differential germination responses to natural stimuli.

Infestation Pattern of Lice In Laying Ducks In Village of Kramat District of Bangkalan Region of Bangkalan

The purpose of this research is to identify lice and to know the pattern of infestation of lice that infest laying ducks in Village of Kramat, District of Bangkalan, Region of Bangkalan. Forty samples of laying ducks were taken in Kramat Village and identified in Entomology and Protozoology Laboratory of Parasitology Department of Veterinary Faculty of Airlangga University, the research was conducted from July to September 2017. This study used an explorative observational research design. Lice taken from a sample of laying ducks are fed into an ointment pot containing 70% alcohol to preserve lice and labeled in accordance with the infected duck's limb region. Identification of lice using Permanent mounting method without coloration. The results of identification, the lice that infest laying ducks consists of three types of Anaticola crassicornis 60%, Menacanthus stramineus 25% and Lipeurus caponis 17.5%. The results of infestation pattern, infected body's region is head-neck, wings and back. The wings infested two types of lice were A. crassicornis and L. caponis, head-neck infested M. stramineus and in the infected back region of A. crassicornis.

INFESTAÇÃO DE ERVA-DE-PASSARINHO (Phoradendron affine, (Pohl ex dc.) Engl. & Krause - Viscaceae) EM ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NO PARQUE DO POVO DE PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE – SP

This work was intended to observe the infestation of bird grass in the people's Park, the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP, identifying its species, as well as the host of this parasite. Observations were made with binoculars and the specimen and host data were organized into spreadsheets and identified through floristic guides. In the sampling area only one observed species parasite the trees, being identified as Phoradendron affine. The mistletoe was seen parasite two species of trees, the ipê-roxo, Handroanthus avellanedae - Bignoniaceae, and santabárbara, Melia azedarach - Meliaceae. The presence of the bird grass was found in 62 individuals, with 57 specimens of Handroanthus avellanedae and 5 specimens of Melia azedarach. Only one individual of Melia azedarach presented sanity affected, the others did not present any visible changes. Phoradendron affine infested 100% of the individuals of Melia azedarach, which did not occur with Handroanthus avellanedae, not all possessed the parasite. Thus, Phoradendron affine does not present an infestation pattern

A New Record of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford and its Morphometric Study on Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. in Jharkhand

Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Benth.is a common ornamental and medicinal plant species distributed throughout the India.This plant was found to be very susceptive to different insect pest attack. The present study was done to investigate Heteropsyllacubana infestation on A. proceraand its morphometrics at Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi, India during 2014 and 2015. The infestation of H. cubanawas first time observed A. procerain Jharkhand. Infestation pattern of H. cubana was recorded and it was found that H. cubana as a serious pest of A. procera in Jharkhand. Additionally,morphometrics of egg, nymphal stages and adult of this psyllid insect was also recorded in this study.