design simplicity
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2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Aditya Ukarande ◽  
Suryakant Patidar ◽  
Ram Rangan

The compute work rasterizer or the GigaThread Engine of a modern NVIDIA GPU focuses on maximizing compute work occupancy across all streaming multiprocessors in a GPU while retaining design simplicity. In this article, we identify the operational aspects of the GigaThread Engine that help it meet those goals but also lead to less-than-ideal cache locality for texture accesses in 2D compute shaders, which are an important optimization target for gaming applications. We develop three software techniques, namely LargeCTAs , Swizzle , and Agents , to show that it is possible to effectively exploit the texture data working set overlap intrinsic to 2D compute shaders. We evaluate these techniques on gaming applications across two generations of NVIDIA GPUs, RTX 2080 and RTX 3080, and find that they are effective on both GPUs. We find that the bandwidth savings from all our software techniques on RTX 2080 is much higher than the bandwidth savings on baseline execution from inter-generational cache capacity increase going from RTX 2080 to RTX 3080. Our best-performing technique, Agents , records up to a 4.7% average full-frame speedup by reducing bandwidth demand of targeted shaders at the L1-L2 and L2-DRAM interfaces by 23% and 32%, respectively, on the latest generation RTX 3080. These results acutely highlight the sensitivity of cache locality to compute work rasterization order and the importance of locality-aware cooperative thread array scheduling for gaming applications.


F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Tian Soon Lee ◽  
Esmail Ali Alandoli ◽  
V Vijayakumar

Background Due to the high demand of robots to perform several industrial tasks, such as welding, machining, pick and place, position control in robotics has attracted high attention recently. Controllers’ improvement is also continuous specifically in terms of design simplicity and performance accuracy. This research plans to obtain the SimMechanics model of a two-degree of freedom (DOF) robot and to propose an integrated controller of a proportional–derivative (PD) controller and a fuzzy logic (FL) controller. Methodology The SimMechanics model of the 2-DOF robot is obtained using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox from a CAD assembly design of the 2-DOF robot. Then, the proposed PD-FL integrated controller is designed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The PD controller is widely used for its simplicity, but it doesn’t have a satisfactory performance in difficult tasks. Furthermore, the FL controller is also easy for design and implementation even by non-experts in control theory, but it has the disadvantage of long computational time for multi-input systems due to the increased fuzzy rules. Results The FL controller is integrated with the PD controller for enhanced performance of the 2-DOF robot. The PD-FL integrated controller is developed and tested to control the 2-DOF robot for point-to-point position control and also tip trajectory tracking (TTT) such as triangular TTT and rhombic TTT. Conclusion The PD-FL integrated controller demonstrates enhanced performance compared to the conventional PD controller in both point-to-point position control and TTT. Furthermore, the PD-FL integrated controller has the advantage of less fuzzy rules which helps to overcome the computational time issue of the FL controller.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7415
Author(s):  
Saad Hassan Kiani ◽  
Ahsan Altaf ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan Anjum ◽  
Sharjeel Afridi ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Arain ◽  
...  

In this work, a new prototype of the eight-element MIMO antenna system for 5G communications, internet of things, and networks has been proposed. This system is based on an H-shaped monopole antenna system that offers 200 MHz bandwidth ranges between 3.4–3.6 GHz, and the isolation between any two elements is well below −12 dB without using any decoupling structure. The proposed system is designed on a commercially available 0.8 mm-thick FR4 substrate. One side of the chassis is used to place the radiating elements, while the copper from the other side is being removed to avoid short-circuiting with other components and devices. This also enables space for other systems, sub-systems, and components. A prototype is fabricated and excellent agreement is observed between the experimental and the computed results. It was found that ECC is 0.2 for any two radiating elements which is consistent with the desirable standards, and channel capacity is 38 bps/Hz which is 2.9 times higher than 4 × 4 MIMO configuration. In addition, single hand mode and dual hand mode analysis are conducted to understand the operation of the system under such operations and to identify losses and/or changes in the key performance parameters. Based on the results, the proposed antenna system will find its applications in modern 5G handheld devices and internet of things with healthcare and high rate delivery. Besides that, its design simplicity will make it applicable for mass production to be used in industrial demands.


F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Tian Soon Lee ◽  
Esmail Ali Alandoli ◽  
V Vijayakumar

Background Due to the high demand of robots to perform several industrial tasks, such as welding, machining, pick and place, position control in robotics has attracted high attention recently. Controllers’ improvement is also continuous specifically in terms of design simplicity and performance accuracy. This research plans to obtain the SimMechanics model of a two-degree of freedom (DOF) robot and to propose an integrated controller of a proportional–derivative (PD) controller and a fuzzy logic (FL) controller. Methodology The SimMechanics model of the 2-DOF robot is obtained using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox from a CAD assembly design of the 2-DOF robot. Then, the proposed PD-FL integrated controller is designed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The PD controller is widely used for its simplicity, but it doesn’t have a satisfactory performance in difficult tasks. Furthermore, the FL controller is also easy for design and implementation even by non-experts in control theory, but it has the disadvantage of long computational time for multi-input systems due to the increased fuzzy rules. Results The FL controller is integrated with the PD controller for enhanced performance of the 2-DOF robot. The PD-FL integrated controller is developed and tested to control the 2-DOF robot for point-to-point position control and also tip trajectory tracking (TTT) such as triangular TTT and rhombic TTT. Conclusion The PD-FL integrated controller demonstrates enhanced performance compared to the conventional PD controller in both point-to-point position control and TTT. Furthermore, the PD-FL integrated controller has the advantage of less fuzzy rules which helps to overcome the computational time issue of the FL controller.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-117
Author(s):  
Okoye N.B.C.D. ◽  
Onyegiri I. ◽  
Okafor M.

Studies identify dearth of affordable core houses for households who cannot afford whole houses. Architectural design characteristics affecting design simplicity have been found to positively influence core housing affordability. Despite this, documentation on whether design simplicity has been considered in the designs of existing core houses is lacking. This is required to check imputs in future designs. Study examined reflection of design simplicity in architectural design of existing public core housing schemes in Anambra State, Nigeria, using Mixed Method approach. Data were obtained from architectural drawings of existing prototypes, field observations and personal interview protocols. Observation schedules with “Yes” and “No” ratings were used in ascertaining reflection of the attribute in each of the 7 prototypes studied. It was found featuring only in 3 out of the 7 prototypes. For affordability improvement, the paper recommends inculcating the variables constituting design simplicity in future core housing design in Anambra State.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
N.B.C.D. Okoye ◽  
I. Onyegiri ◽  
M. Okafor

Studies identify that architectural design characteristics affecting design simplicity enhance core housing affordability. Effect of this attribute for affordability improvement, crucial in establishing design strategies for affordable low-cost urban homes, is lacking. Study examined this effect in Anambra State of Nigeria, using mixed method approach (primary data sourced from personal interviews, and questionnaire on 242 sampled residents from a 540 population. Using Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman’s Rank-Order correlation for analysis, all prototypes were found non-affordable, with p-value of 0.000 for significant variation for affordability. Significant relationship, strong and positive (p-value, 0.000; correlation coefficient 0.778), was established between architectural design characteristics affecting design simplicity and affordability. Recommendations for improving core housing affordability include: minimal floor area for initial unit (studio apartments for households earning below N161, 000 monthly, 1-bedroom and 2-bedroom prototypes for those earning between N161, 000 and N200, 000); simple geometric plans; and local building materials for roof covering.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2(50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Duniev ◽  
◽  
Andri Yehorov ◽  
Andrii Masliennikov ◽  
Mario Stamann ◽  
...  

Based on the analysis of the transverse flux machine designs, they were found to have a relative design simplicity and a high-power density. The purpose of this work is to determine the optimal height of a permanent magnet and to define its effect on the induced EMF value in the stator coils and the cogging torque, as well as to define the picture of the magnetic flux leakage between the stator poles. To achieve these goals, the 3D model of a low speed generator was studied. The electromagnetic analysis was carried out using a modern software, which allows us to determine the magnetic field distribution in the 3D, as well as the induced EMF value and the rotor cogging torque. The criterion for the optimal calculation is the highest EMF value at the minimum value of the rotor cogging torque. The parameters of the permanent magnets, such as the width and length, remained unchanged, whereas, the height varied from 1 to 8 mm at a 1-mm step. The corresponding dependencies are obtained for each height. The most significant result of the work is the conclusion that the height of the permanent magnet should not exceed the 3-mm value. The significance of the obtained results is that the used methodology allowed finding the optimal height of the permanent magnet, since a further increase in its height leads to no growth in the EMF value, but rather significantly enhances the negative effect from the rotor cogging torque. In addition, the simulation results were supported experimentally.


2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotirmoy Sarma ◽  
Siddhant Jain ◽  
Prasenjit Mukherjee ◽  
Ujjwal K. Saha

Abstract Over the last few decades, the vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have undergone intensive research mainly due to their design simplicity and independency of wind direction. The drag-based Savonius wind rotor exhibits a better starting capability, whereas the lift-based Darrieus wind rotor achieves higher efficiency over a wider operating range. Thus, in order to capitalize on their advantages, both the rotors are mounted on the same axis to form a hybrid/combined system. In this review paper, an attempt has been made to collect and analyze the past research studies in the field of hybrid wind rotors. An optimization route has also been suggested for the design of such a hybrid wind rotor to ensure that the design complexity is minimized, and at the same time, both the Savonius and the Darrieus rotors are utilized to their fullest potential. In this regard, a few important parameters are identified whose effects on the hybrid rotor performance must be investigated in future studies. Suggestions and direction of research are presented keeping in mind the improvement of the technology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1054-1069
Author(s):  
Ankush Kapoor ◽  
Ranjan Mishra ◽  
Pradeep Kumar

Abstract Frequency selective surface (FSS)-based intelligent spatial filters are capturing the eyes of the researchers by offering a dynamic behavior when exposed to the electromagnetic radiations. In this manuscript, a concept of creating complementary structures which stems from Babinet’s principle is illustrated. A hybrid complementary pair of FSS (CPFSS) comprising double square loop FSS (DSLFSS) and double square slot FSS (DSSFSS) on either side of the dielectric substrate is proposed. DSLFSS offers band-pass behavior and can be placed as a superstrate, whereas DSSFSS behaves as a band-stop intelligent spatial filter that blocks the radiations falling on it, thus making them applicable for use as a substrate. The technique utilized for analyzing DSLFSS and DSSFSS structures is based on the equivalent circuit modeling and transmission line methodology. The CPFSS structure offers the design simplicity, hence, suitable for placing them with the printed patch antenna radiators in wireless networking devices operating in sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. DSLFSS offers band-pass behavior ranging from 2.99 to 5.56 GHz, whereas DSSFSS offers band-stop behavior ranging from 2.85 to 5.42 GHz covering all n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.4–5 GHz) bands of FR1 spectrum of sub-6 GHz 5G range. The passband and the stopband offered by the two structures of CPFSS geometry are stable to oblique angles of incidence and the proposed design also offers polarization-independent behavior. The thickness of the dielectric region existing within the pair of designed structures is critical for the location of the passbands and the stopbands. The impact of the overall thickness of the dielectric substrate on the passbands and stopbands is also reported in this article.


Trials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Edwards ◽  
Stephen J. Walters ◽  
Cornelia Kunz ◽  
Steven A. Julious

Abstract Introduction Sample size calculations require assumptions regarding treatment response and variability. Incorrect assumptions can result in under- or overpowered trials, posing ethical concerns. Sample size re-estimation (SSR) methods investigate the validity of these assumptions and increase the sample size if necessary. The “promising zone” (Mehta and Pocock, Stat Med 30:3267–3284, 2011) concept is appealing to researchers for its design simplicity. However, it is still relatively new in the application and has been a source of controversy. Objectives This research aims to synthesise current approaches and practical implementation of the promising zone design. Methods This systematic review comprehensively identifies the reporting of methodological research and of clinical trials using promising zone. Databases were searched according to a pre-specified search strategy, and pearl growing techniques implemented. Results The combined search methods resulted in 270 unique records identified; 171 were included in the review, of which 30 were trials. The median time to the interim analysis was 60% of the original target sample size (IQR 41–73%). Of the 15 completed trials, 7 increased their sample size. Only 21 studies reported the maximum sample size that would be considered, for which the median increase was 50% (IQR 35–100%). Conclusions Promising zone is being implemented in a range of trials worldwide, albeit in low numbers. Identifying trials using promising zone was difficult due to the lack of reporting of SSR methodology. Even when SSR methodology was reported, some had key interim analysis details missing, and only eight papers provided promising zone ranges.


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