Socio-Economic and Legal Analysis on Forest Protection

The protection of forests today is not just a problem is regional (national) but it is a world problem (global). This is related to the function of forests in maintaining ecological balance which also affects the global climate, such as the effect of 'global warming' which can threaten the safety of living things. Nevertheless, reality shows that the economic function of the forest, ie as a source of the eye livelihood for a group of people, as a means of accumulation capital (capital) for entrepreneurs (capitalist), and as a source of foreign exchange for countries, often defeating forest functions in maintaining equilibrium ecological (including global climate). The continued pressure of population increased is one of the factors that contribute to accelerating forest destruction. This is due to the need for more land and more building materials, both for settlement and land for activities farming, and materials for new buildings. Utilization excessive forest economic functions by a human (forest exploitation) without caring about ecological balance can be catastrophic for humans themselves, and require far-reaching economic and social costs greater than the economic results that have been obtained.

Influence of Quality of Remote Sensing Data on Vegetation Passability by Terrain Vehicles

The article studied databases of vegetation created from remote sensors, outcome of analyses of Cross-Country Movement in forests, and quality of utilized data. The aim was to combine various databases of forests and get statistics of best data by using different methods of evaluation. Passability in forests is mainly conducted with analysis of driving between trees. The most suitable datasets in the Czech Republic are Forest Economic Plan and Digital Elevation Model 5th generation combined with Digital Surface Model 1st generation. Accuracy and usability of databases were compared with digital model of surface created from orthophoto images. Processing of data is the most important part that influences quality of statistical and map results. Studied characteristics of input databases and applied methods also have considerable influence on results of analysis of forest passability. The outcome substantially varies for personnel armored vehicles and wheeled vehicles mostly due to their movement capabilities.

Importance of considering the growth response after partial harvesting and economic risk of discounted net revenues when optimizing uneven-aged forest management

Because of the very high complexity of modern optimization models based on single trees, uncertainties are often disregarded. In this study, we present a modelling approach that allows partial harvesting but is still simple enough to consider risk. Our modelling approach investigates whether the inclusion of timber price uncertainty influences the harvesting schedule. The model considers positive growth response to the density reduction that follows harvesting. Testing the impact of uncertainty, we define the discounted net revenues of each harvest operation as random variables. We compare harvest scheduling both with and without the inclusion of uncertainty. We first model growth response based on a partial-harvest schedule, without integrating uncertainty from timber price fluctuations. The results show that harvesting tree cohorts at different times is financially optimal. We run the same model again, including the risk of timber price fluctuations. The inclusion of risk leads to slightly greater differences in recommended harvest timings. Because of the small difference observed, we conclude that it is unlikely that risk arising from fluctuating timber prices would strongly affect the results for more complex forest economic models concerning the optimal harvest schedules.

ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE FOREST ECONOMIC IN KOTANIA BAY, WEST SERAM DISTRICT

Analysis of the economic value of mangrove forests in Kotania Bay, West Seram District is important to study. Mangrove forest ecosystems are often regarded as public property resources that can be used by anyone without regard to its sustainability aspects. Over-utilization results in the depletion of mangrove forest resources and the ability of ecosystems to provide environmental services is decreasing. The low knowledge of the local community for the potential of mangrove forests as an economic source, it is necessary to do an economic valuation of the magnitude and benefits of mangrove forests. The Methods used in this study is Total Economic Value (TEV) based on direct benefits, indirect benefits and the optional benefits. The results showed that the direct benefits of economic value is IDR 318,360,000 / year (44%), indirect benefits is IDR 243,468,473 / year (34%), optional benefits is IDR 163586,356 / year (22%) while the TEV is IDR 725,414,829 / year.

The Impact of Collective Forestland Tenure Reform on the Forest Economic Efficiency of Farmers in Zhejiang Province

The impact of collective forestland tenure reform on farmers’ economic efficiency in the collective forest areas was assessed. Both technical efficiency and scale efficiency of farmer households were calculated using the output-oriented bootstrapped data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach along with a household efficiency model that incorporates the survey data from 243 farmer households. The DEA results show that a substantial economic inefficiency for farmers exists, which renders a high prospect of improving economic efficiency. The findings from the empirical regression of the data also show that the collective forestland tenure reform is quite beneficial for the farmer households, particularly for those with distinguished commercial forest types. The tenure reform has a very influential impact on the efficiency of the farmers managing timber forests and bamboo forests, and so do the policies of reform for forestland circulation, forest-cutting quotas, forestland loan, and technical training. However, the cooperation arrangement currently is still not strong enough to influence economic efficiency. Based on the regression findings, together with the survey, a number of policy suggestions are put forward to the policy makers for improving economic efficiencies for international communities in the process of forestland tenure devolution.

Valuasi Ekonomi Hutan Sebagai Pengendali Banjir dan Erosi di Das Deli Berdasarkan Metode Kontingensi

Hutan memiliki banyak manfaat penyedia jasa lingkungan, diantaranya sebagai pencegah erosi dan banjir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan hutan sebagai pengendali banjir dan erosi berdasarkan metode kontingensi dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kesediaan membayar manfaat hutan sebagai pengendali banjir dan erosi di das Deli. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode kontingensi dan biaya pencegahan sebagai nilai ekonomi hutan, analisis deskriptif dari data kuisioner, serta analisis regresi untuk mengetahui factor- faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kesediaan membayar manfaat hutan sebagai pengendali banjir dan erosi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai ekonomi hutan sebagai pengendali banjir dan erosi dengan metode kontingensi sebesar Rp. 153.314.076.583,33/tahun. Berdasarkan model regresi yang terbentuk dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kesediaan membayar manfaat jasa lingkungan hutan sebagai pengendali banjir dan erosi di DAS Deli adalah tingkat pendapatan. Forests have many benefits in providing environmental services, including erosion prevention and flooding. This study aimed to calculate the economic value of forest environmental services as floods controller and erosion based on the contingency method, and to determine the factors that influence the level of willingness to pay the benefits of the forest as a flood and erosion control in DAS Deli. The analytical method used was contingency method and prevention cost as the forest economic value, descriptive analysis of questionnaire data, and regression analysis to determine the factors that influenced the level of willingness to pay the benefits of forests as flood and erosion control. The results showed the economic value of forests as flood and erosion control with contingency methods of Rp. 153,314,076,583.33 / year. Based on the regression model formed, it could be concluded that the factors influencing the level of willingness to pay the benefits of forest environmental services as flood control and erosion in the Deli watershed were the income levels.

Can the Global Forest Sector Survive 11 °C Warming?

Although most global forest economic studies have found that warming is likely to increase forest supply, these studies have examined only the limited warming expected through 2100. This study extends the analysis out to 2250 to test much higher levels of warming to examine very long term effects. Future warming is predicted to steadily increase forest productivity, with global timber supply predicted to increase through 2250, even with warming up to 11 °C warming. However, natural forestland and biomass will shrink. This result suggests far future forests will not be able to hold the same stock of carbon they hold today.