Von Reallaboren zu urbanen Experimenten: deutsche und internationale Debatten zu Skalierung und urbanen Nachhaltigkeitstransformationen

In den letzten Jahren sind Reallabore zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der anwendungsbezogenen Nachhaltigkeitsforschung geworden. In Deutschland wurde die Forschung zu Reallaboren durch entsprechende Forschungsprogramme gefördert (z.B. „Leitinitiative Zukunftsstadt“ des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung), während die EU die Entwicklung von „Urban Living Labs“ finanziell förderte (z.B. „Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe“). Derzeit verlagert sich die internationale wissenschaftliche Debatte mehr und mehr auf die Untersuchung von lokalen Experimenten. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll dieser Artikel vor allem dem Zweck dienen, die deutschsprachige Forschung zu Reallaboren innerhalb der europäischen und internationalen Debatten zu verorten und systematisch mit den Debatten zu „Urban Living Labs“ und Experimenten zu vergleichen. In diesem Zusammenhang konzentrieren wir uns vor allem auf die Grundannahmen dieser drei Ansätze, ihre Entstehung und Anwendungsbereiche sowie die Bedeutung von Lernprozessen. Obwohl alle drei Ansätze auf urbane Nachhaltigkeitstransformationen abzielen, ist nur wenig über die mittel- und langfristigen Wirkungen solcher Initiativen bekannt. Deren zeitliche und räumliche Skalierung, die hier entscheidend ist, wurde zwar als Problem erkannt, aber bislang kaum systematisch untersucht. Der Artikel zielt darauf ab, die deutsche Debatte zu Reallaboren zu bereichern und sie mit der internationalen Diskussion zu verbinden.

Structure modeling in three-dimensional simulation of weft-knitted seamless kneepads

This paper proposes a simulation method suitable for weft-knitted seamless kneepads. The purpose of this study is to realize the simulation of complete weft-knitted products, and it has the advantage of speed to display the simulation results online in real-time. The loop of the basic loop model is controlled by up to eight characteristic points and the yarn path is fitted by a three-dimensional spline curve. To string the loop model into the fabric, the coordinate of the characteristic point of the loop at other positions is obtained based on the loop model at the origin by using the translation matrix and the rotation matrix. The simulation of the weft-knitted kneepad is realized by the joint programming of Visual Studio and WebGL. The results show that the structure model can achieve the simulation of the kneepad with high efficiency. This method has strong real-time performance and practicability.

Science for Good Environmental Status: A European Joint Action to Support Marine Policy

In the last decade, several initiatives have been taken at a European level to adopt the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) by promoting coordination and stimulating integrated actions leading to consistent views on its final goal: the achievement of good environmental status (GES). In its holistic approach, the MSFD fully acknowledges the complexity and variability of marine ecosystems and demands constant scientific support for its actual implementation. Recently, the Joint Programming Initiative on “Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans” (JPI Oceans) launched the joint action “Science for Good Environmental Status” (Science4GES), building on the contribution of different scientific disciplines and communities to better fulfill the scope of the MSFD. In this paper we illustrate and discuss a few crucial aspects of endeavors to implement the MSFD specifically implied in the definition of the metrics for the 11 descriptors and GES in its complexity, as well as improving the strategy governing its implementation. This presentation also describes the challenges, aims and implementation plan for the JPI-O joint action, where a transdisciplinary approach may help in progressing from the comprehensive and far-reaching vision of the MSFD to the achievement of a durable GES.

Transformation Rooms

In the face of societal and environmental challenges in Europe, cities—as socio-technical systems—seek for a deeper understanding of new governance processes and innovative urban policy approaches for profound changes towards sustainability. This paper proposes the ‘transformation room' as orchestration and negotiation format for the joint programming of research and innovation agendas with and for European cities, in order to allow for new urban governance via transnational cooperation and alignment. The ‘transformation room' aims to interlink innovative niches and current regimes in a multi-level governance set-up, in order to allow transformation by (1) defining the main structural elements of roles and rules for cooperation; (2) offering process elements for the co-creation, experimentation, and implementation of orientation; and (3) combining both elements in a specific form of transformative leadership. The paper identifies success criteria for transformative leadership and, consequently, the enhancement of urban transformative capacity.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF THE DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENT OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTION

The article substantiates the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the development of formation of the developmental environment of the general secondary education institution. The purpose of the article: to substantiate the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of the developmental environment of the institution of general secondary education. The following methods of scientific research are used: analysis of scientific sources – in order to clarify the theoretical foundations of the educational environment of general secondary education; abstraction to identify the properties, characteristics, connections of the components of the educational environment; systematization and generalization – to formulate conclusions. It is determined that the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of the developmental environment of the school is the organization of the intra-school system of professional development of pedagogical staff; creation of organizational structures in the school that provide participatory management; transition to a matrix model of school management joint programming of future innovation activities through organizational and activity games and similar events (seminars, pedradas, etc.); organization of innovative work of the school on the implementation of the national-regional component of the content of education; ensuring active and versatile interaction of the internal environment of the educational institution with the external environment; use in school management of monitoring its development, focused on a specially developed system of indicators that takes into account the specifics of the educational environment of a particular school, support for school development management through external educational and management consulting. The method of nominal groups and the method of group discussion, the method of collective programming, methods of preparation and carrying out of various actions of joint programming are characterized. It is emphasized that to ensure the developmental environment of general secondary education it is necessary to use educational and pedagogical consulting. Active implementation of various innovations in the life of the school requires a rapid reorientation of the educational process, taking into account the latest advances in science and practice. The purpose of external educational and pedagogical consulting is to form a unified approach to the organization of administrative, methodological, psychological and pedagogical activities of schools, gymnasiums and lyceums taking into account the changing social situation with a focus on the achievements of psychological and pedagogical science.

Adaptation of Cities to Climate Change (Best Practices Review)

The authors of the article are raising current issues related to climate change and global warming. Not all the countries are responding to these processes the same way and undertake joint complex efforts to mitigate climate change impacts. The authors have analyzed the existing legislations and actions for adaptation to climate change in the EU and separate European countries. “Covenant of Mayors”, ADAPT program, Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe are considered in detail. Informational and awareness-raising work of state and educational entities is one of the main necessary actions to mitigate climate change negative impacts. The article presents the results of the opinion poll made by the European Social Survey, “Russian Public Opinion Research Center” (JSC “VCIOM”) and the investigations of German State Development Bank KfW on how citizens perceive climate change processes, their sense of personal responsibility and personal reaction. Also a brief review of educational programs of builders, urban developers and architects in European and Russian universities is added to the article. The conclusion of the authors is as such: it is necessary to intensify legislative measures for adaptation of cities to climate change, the stronger control of the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and coordinated actions in one region are needed. It is necessary to pay careful attention to climatic education of the students – future builders and urban developers.

City Engagement in the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe and the Role of Intermediary Organizations in R&I Policies for Urban Transition

This research investigates the case of the Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) Urban Europe and its role as an intermediary organization, developing research, and innovation programs for urban transition. In the literature, the role of an intermediary organization has recently been discussed as an effective promoter and developer of connecting visions, strategies, activities, and stakeholders. A conceptual approach to intermediary organizations for urban transition is operationalized, and its functions are discussed in this paper. As an example, the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe reveals how a transnational R&I initiative, represented by 20 national R&I programs in Europe, can provide scientific evidence for sustainable urbanization with a cross-sectoral, integrated, inter- and transdisciplinary approach implemented through activities beyond joint calls. The findings show that JPI Urban Europe acts as broker and facilitator of joint visions and starts to build communities for innovation, which is one of the important functions of intermediaries. The development of its Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda clearly followed a co-creation process, putting the dilemmas of city practitioners in the center. JPI Urban Europe managed to attract high levels of commitment from a diversity of stakeholders to its strategic priorities and mobilized respective budgets for its implementation. The analysis of JPI Urban Europe participation in funded projects shows that challenge-driven calls (putting the problem owners in the center) seems to successfully develop a common language for all stakeholders and has a higher likelihood to generate more transformative outcomes. The number of funded urban living labs in projects shows that room for experimentation in niches and their extension is provided. The number of city representatives as funded project partners could be increased to further stimulate active involvement. The JPI Urban Europe also acts as a translator and enabler for learning in the urban—as well as in the policy sphere—the third function. This can be confirmed by the number and type of organizations reached with its specific formats. JPI Urban Europe coordinates joint activities of mainly national R&I programs but has only indirect influence on change in these organizations and limited influence on changes within research organizations, businesses, or cities that are even less connected. Overall, it can be concluded that the strategic ambition of JPI Urban Europe towards transformative change is obvious, but some instruments and formats to translate the ambition into action need further refinement, and it needs further in-depth research to better understand the outcomes and impacts of its diverse activities.

Joint programming for urban transformations: the making of the JPI Urban Europe Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda

The Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) Urban Europe, a transnational initiative by European countries in partnership with the European Union (EU) to tackle the challenge of sustainable urbanisation by programming urban research and innovation, launched its updated Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) in February 2019. Developed in the field of sustainable urbanisation, it is based on a wide set of sectors, disciplines, research frontiers, and their asymmetrical interconnections, as well as consultations among stakeholders in these areas, ranging from global policy and EU levels over national to regional and local actors including civil servants and politicians, researchers, commercial actors, civil society. Since the international landscape of urban policy and particularly urban transformations has recently been shifting with UN Agenda 2030, UN Habitat New Urban Agenda, and, in Europe, with an Urban Agenda for the EU, urban research and innovation, at least the parts tackling sustainable urbanisation, strives to elaborate how to support these objectives. Together with an account of how this was done from the insider perspective of a programme manager, this note presents questions and issues that will direct the JPI Urban Europe programming beyond 2020. The updated JPI Urban Europe agenda’s main novelty is a dilemma-driven approach to the thematic priorities in the programming activities and a transition arena concept for its implementation.

Roadmap for the European Joint Program SOIL: Towards Climate-Smart Sustainable Management of Agricultural Soils

Our planet suffers from humankind’s impact on natural resources, biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems. Intensive modern agriculture with inappropriate inputs of fertilisers, pesticides and fossil fuel –based energy has increasingly added to human pressure on the environment. As a key element of our natural capital, soils are also under threat, despite being essential to provide food, feed, fibre and fuel for an increasing global population. Moreover, soils play a key role in carbon, water and energy cycles, highlighting their importance for biomass provision and the circular bioeconomy. Evidently, these new and complex challenges cannot be resolved effectively with existing knowledge and experience alone. These challenges require scientific research, interdisciplinary collaboration and networking to find context-specific and tailored solutions addressing societal issues of our time and facilitating the adoption of these solutions. The most effective approaches are based on the involvement of multiple actors from science, policy, economy, civil society and farming that have the same goal, work on the same societal issue, but have complementing backgrounds, expertise and perceptions. The European Joint Programme (EJP) SOIL is a European network of research institutes in the field of soil science and agricultural soil management that will provide science-based advice to practitioners and policymakers, at local, national and European level. The EJP SOIL aims to align and boost research, training and capacity building through joint programming activities co-funded by the European Commission and national research programs. This will reduce current fragmentation and help to find synergies in order to make a leapfrog in research on good agricultural soil management in three main areas: climate change mitigation and adaptation, production capacity in healthy food systems, and environmental sustainability. By joint programming, training and capacity building, EJP SOIL will also take into account the need for effective policy solutions, as well as the socio-economic conditions of all stakeholders in the agricultural value chain. Thus, a key focus of the EJP SOIL is to build and strengthen a framework for an integrated community of research groups working on related aspects of agricultural soil management. As part of this effort, EJP SOIL will co-construct with stakeholders a roadmap for agricultural soil research. To develop a structured roadmap, EJP SOIL works with a version of the knowledge management framework of Dalkir (2005). The EJP version uses four compartments: (i) Knowledge development, (ii) knowledge harmonisation, organisation and storage (iii) knowledge sharing and transfer, and (iv) knowledge application. The four segments are part of a cyclic process to enhance the development and use of knowledge on agricultural soils. Knowledge development comprises assessing new knowledge needs to achieve the expected impacts of EJP SOIL. Therefore, by involving multiple stakeholders, knowledge gaps across Europe will be identified to work towards the adoption of Climate-Smart Sustainable Agricultural Soil Management (CSSASM). Within the knowledge sharing and transfer compartment, the capacity of scientists, advisors, policy makers, farmers and other stakeholders will be strengthened. EJP SOIL will work to support networks and co-creation of new knowledge with stakeholder groups, stimulating innovation in CSSASM. The knowledge harmonization, organization and storage compartment of the knowledge framework ensures linkages with all stakeholders to guarantee data harmonization and standardization. The last compartment, application of knowledge, will be facilitated by creating better guidelines, awareness and capacity for Climate-Smart Sustainable Agricultural Soil Management adoption and by strengthening science-to-policy processes at EU and Member State level.