Spain as a Reference in Wine Culture

The culture of wine as a traditional drink in the countries of Southern Europe is determined by the geographical, ethnographic, and historical context, at the same time it is associated with national identification. In the case of Spain, wine plays the role of a friendly union, an element of active communication, is a sociocultural behavioral norm. Through the history of wine-making, the key stages of the country’s development can be traced: from ancient settlements to the European Union, variety of backgrounds, traditions and religions, etc. adding to the long history of wine on the territory of today’s Spain. The theme of wine is reflected in the works of famous Spanish philosophers, writers and artists as a stable tradition, a symbol of community, celebration, creativity, at the same time melancholy and sadness, as a typical Spanish dualism of attitude to life. It is noted that wine was not only viewed as a means of recreation, but also a powerful double-edged social factor, both pacifying and disorganizing. Taverns became people’s universities, and cafes with their tertulias became the center of intellectual life. Wine is an important economic component, the vineyard zones cover the whole country, with its main wine-making regions — from Rioja to Jerez — renowned around the world. Hundreds of varieties of wines are produced, which differ in denomination, aging, reputation, and popularity on the world market and with tourists. Spain has a leading position in this area. At present, bars, restaurants, and taverns, as public spaces suitable for big parties and family gatherings alike, have become not only a place of spending one’s pastime, but also a platform for political discussions, a place where certain political forces manipulate their influence, where polar views on the current and future agenda are in confrontation: the globalization of the society and cultural unification, or the preservation of unique customs and traditions. Wine culture is dynamic, it manifests itself in a new form in the younger generation, the latest gender and progressive norms appear, the simple, down-to-earth consumption characteristic of the bar culture displaces the spiritual component. The loss of traditions, including the wine culture, is dangerous for the society. It will have negative consequences for the country, will cause damage to its attractiveness for investors and tourists, and hurt the very image of their motherland the Spanish hold dear. Wine remains an important part of the national heritage, material, and spiritual culture of Spain.

Squawk to Them like Roosters

Chapter 2 examines aging in the context of parent-child relationships. This chapter closely examines one lengthy Talmudic unit (BT Qiddushin 30b–32a) whose overt topic is the duty to respect one’s parents and in which appears a series of stories that are all concerned with the reversal of power relations between generations and with the breaking of taboos that this reversal threatens to entail. The chapter traces several key motifs in the unit, such as the effect of aging on gender hierarchies, the theological dimension of relations with aged parents, and the reorganization of public and private spaces when old age is involved. It argues that each story propagates a behavioral norm and subverts it at the very same time, thereby divulging the rabbis’ uncertainty and consternation when it comes to the difficulties inherent to elderly parents’ gradual exit from the social order.

The Normalization of Violence in Commercial Kitchens Through Food Media

The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 2.53 million cooks and chefs in the United States. Of those, one in four reports experiencing physical violence in the workplace—roughly 632,500 victims. While shocking, this figure fails to account for the psychological and sexual violence that also plagues commercial kitchens. Workplace harassment and bullying is not limited to the United States and has been documented in Scottish, English, Scandinavian, French, Malaysian, Korean, and Australian kitchens. Why is violence so prevalent in kitchens, and how has it become a behavioral norm? Using data from 50 in-depth interviews with kitchen workers and analysis of food media, this article shows that while kitchen workplace violence can be attributed to typical causes, such as occupational stress, there is an overlooked source: the normalization of violence through food media. By exploring television shows, like “Hell’s Kitchen,” and chef memoirs, like Bourdain’s Kitchen Confidential, readers will see how bullying and harassment are romanticized in these mediums, glorified as a product of kitchen subculture, and consequently normalized in the kitchen.

Joining a Collaborative

When hospitals join in a collaborative infection prevention project, they agree to work within the requirements and discipline of the sponsors. That includes providing baseline and monthly infection rate data to the collaborative leaders and committing some staff members to intense weekly phone talks with the collaborative experts and other coaching sessions. Ideally, a community emerges, both online and in-person. The community members exchange experiences and ideas related to the initiative, socialize, and establish a behavioral norm within each hospital that can help convince resisters, particularly physicians, to change their ways. To make up for the limited attention paid to the problems individual hospitals may encounter, some collaboratives provide a troubleshooting group of expert advisors. The collaborative approach has strong support from federal and state agencies, but some studies have questioned its effectiveness.

A Discussion of Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird’s Steadfast Democrats: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior

Charge: As Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird note, collectively more than 80% of African Americans self-identify as Democrats according to surveys, and no Republican presidential candidate has won more than 13% of the Black vote since 1968. This is true despite the fact that at the individual level many African Americans are increasingly politically moderate and even conservative. Against this backdrop, what explains the enduring nature of African American support for the Democratic Party? In Steadfast Democrats: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior, White and Laird answer this question by developing the concept of “racialized social constraint,” a unifying behavioral norm meant to empower African Americans as a group and developed through a shared history of struggle against oppression and for freedom and equality. White and Laird consider the historical development of this norm, how it is enforced, and its efficacy both in creating party loyalty and as a path to Black political power in the United States. On the cusp of perhaps the most consequential presidential election in American history, one for which African American turnout was crucial, we asked a range of leading political scientists to assess the relative strengths, weaknesses, and ramifications of this argument.

What we can learn from the parallels between the COVID-19 and the future climate change crises

The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak pandemic is now a global crisis. It has caused 1.6+ million confirmed cases and 100 000+ deaths at the time of writing and triggered unprecedented preventative measures that have put a substantial portion of the global population under confinement, imposed isolation, and established ‘social distancing’ as a new global behavioral norm. The COVID-19 crisis has affected all aspects of everyday life and work, while also threatening the health of the global economy. This crisis offers also an unprecedented view of what the global climate crisis may look like. In fact, some of the parallels between the COVID-19 crisis and what we expect from the looming global climate emergency are remarkable. Reflecting upon the most challenging aspects of today’s crisis and how they compare with those expected from the climate change emergency may help us better prepare for the future.

Adolescents' Perceptions of Deviant Behavior

The study reveals peculiarities of perceptions which adolescents from different social groups have about deviant behavior. From the findings obtained in the examination of 80 adolescents using 5 methods, peculiarities were studied of how deviant behavior is viewed. It was revealed that the adolescents from the "normal" group have a more accurate picture of deviant behavior, whereas adolescents who were registered at juvenile affairs departments have an inadequate ideas about it, placing it close to delinquent behavior. External and internal causes were found which have negative impact on adolescents' views. External causes play the key role in the formation of an adolescent's personality and his/her views. Internal causes manifest in indifferent attitude to his/her studies, negative attitude towards the world, lack of trust in adults. In the absence of adolescents' awareness of the authority on the part of adults, obedience isn't a behavioral norm and means mental activity aimed to satisfy their own desires, ambitions and to belong to a group. Due to adolescents' personality specifics such as incomplete personality formation, non-constructive ways of resolving difficult situations, these specifics can be rated among the internal causes of adolescents' views about deviant behavior and of insufficient understanding of the consequences which this behavior leads to.

Problem of diagnostics of mental and behavioural disorders during the postmodernism era

In article theoretical, methodological and practical problems of diagnostics of mental and behavioural disorders during a postmodernism era are analyzed. The role of phenomenological and psychometric approaches is estimated. The conclusion that classification of mental and behavioral disorders (ICD and DSM) leads to washing out of borders between mental and behavioral norm and pathology is drawn.