SEISMICITY of TAJIKISTAN and ADJACENT TERRITORIES in 2015

The seismic monitoring system consisting of seven digital stations continued to operate in Tajikistan in 2015. This network has registered 9071 earthquakes with KR=8.6–17.0, 6427 of which were Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquakes with intermediate depths (h=70–300 km), and 2644 were shallow events. The total seismic energy released was E=1.8151017 J. The strongest for 2015 was the Hindu Kush earthquake on Octo-ber 26 with Mw=7.5, h=230 km (hpP=217 km) that occurred near the southern borders of the Republic. This earthquake caused significant damage and the death of at least 115 people. It was felt on the territory of 14 states, with a total shaking area of more than 14106 km2. A detailed isoseismal map of this earthquake is given for the Tajikistan territory only. The earthquake was accompanied by a series of over 1400 aftershocks with KR=8.6–12.8, unexpectedly numerous for a deep earthquake. Within the borders of the Republic, the Sarez-II earthquake occurred near the Lake of Sarez on December 7 with Mw=7.2, h=20 km, I0=8, was the strongest one. Undoubtedly, it was triggered by the Hindu Kush earthquake on October 26. In total, more than 500 houses were damaged, dozens of people were injured, and there were human casualties. A detailed isoseismal map of this earthquake was made for four levels of intensity – I=7, 6, 5 and 4. The number of its aftershocks for 24 days only was 1342, with KR=8.6–13.9. As a result the level of seismicity in Tajikistan in 2015, both in terms of the number of earthquakes and the level of released seismic energy, was the highest during the period of instrumental observations.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclobutyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}phenol

The title compound, C13H14N4O, was developed using the reaction of salicylaldehyde and 3-amino-5-cyclobutyl-1,2,4-triazole in ethanol under microwave irradiation. This eco-friendly microwave-promoted method proved to be efficient in the synthesis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclobutyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}phenol in good yields and purity. The title compound is a Schiff base that exists in the phenol–imine tautomeric form and adopts an E configuration. The three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit (A, B and C) are not planar, the cyclobutyl and the phenol-imine rings are twisted to each other making a dihedral angle of 67.8 (4)° in molecule A, 69.1 (2)° in molecule B and 89.1 (2)° in molecule C. In each molecule an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond is present, forming an S(6) ring motif. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the contributions of the different intermolecular contacts within the supramolecular structure. The major interactions are H...H (53%), C...H (19%) and N...H (17%) for molecule A, H...H (50%), N...H (20%) and C...H (20%) for molecule B and H...H (57%), C...H (14%) and N...H (13%) for molecule C.

Influence of the Anthocyanin and Cofactor Structure on the Formation Efficiency of Naturally Derived Pyranoanthocyanins

Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin-derived pigments with higher stability to pH and storage. However, their slow formation and scarcity in nature hinder their industrial application. Pyranoanthocyanin formation can be accelerated by selecting anthocyanin substitutions, cofactor concentrations, and temperature. Limited information is available on the impacts of the chemical structure of the cofactor and anthocyanin; therefore, we evaluated their impacts on pyranoanthocyanin formation efficiency under conditions reported as favorable for the reaction. Different cofactors were evaluated including pyruvic acid, acetone, and hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acid) by incubating them with anthocyanins in a molar ratio of 1:30 (anthocyanin:cofactor), pH 3.1, and 45 °C. The impact of the anthocyanin aglycone was evaluated by incubating delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, or malvidin derivatives with the most efficient cofactor (caffeic acid) under identical conditions. Pigments were identified using UHPLC-PDA and tandem mass spectrometry, and pyranoanthocyanin formation was monitored for up to 72 h. Pyranoanthocyanin yields were the highest with caffeic acid (~17% at 72 h, p < 0.05). When comparing anthocyanins, malvidin-3-O-glycosides yielded twice as many pyranoanthocyanins after 24 h (~20%, p < 0.01) as cyanidin-3-O-glycosides. Petunidin- and delphinidin-3-O-glycosides yielded <2% pyranoanthocyanins. This study demonstrated the importance of anthocyanin and cofactor selection in pyranoanthocyanin production.

What Affects the E-Bicycle Speed Perception in the Era of Eco-Sustainable Mobility: A Driving Simulator Study

The increase in the number of electric bicycles worldwide has resulted in a rise in the number of traffic accidents involving e-bicyclists. Previous studies have been based on analyzing the use, advantages and disadvantages of e-bicycles, whereas only a small number of studies have been focused on analyzing the e-bicycle traffic safety, particularly the factors leading to the occurrence of traffic accidents. One of the factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents is the incorrect perception of the e-bicycle speed by other traffic participants. To examine the mentioned problem, the authors of this paper conducted an experimental study to determine what affects the e-bicycle speed perception. The experiment included 175 participants, aged 18 to 50. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions using a driving simulator, at different e-bicycle speeds (10 km/h, 20 km/h and 30 km/h), in the situations in which the e-bicyclist was (not) using a reflective vest. The results show statistically significant differences in the e-bicycle speed perception when the e-bicyclist does not use/uses a reflective vest. Besides, the driving licence categories of traffic participants and their driving experience also have a significant impact on the perception of the e-bicycle speed.

Evaluation of smartphone applications for measuring the total height of trees

The objective of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of smartphone applications for measuring the total height of trees. We measured the heights of 90 trees of different species on the campus of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro in Seropédica, equally distributed in three height classes: (1) h ≤ 11.5 m; (2) 11.5 <h < 20 m; and (3) h ≥ 20 m. The heights measured by the Vertex III® hypsometer was the reference for the comparison of the tested applications: Measure Height (MH and MDH), Hypsometer (HYP), Simple Measure (SM), Height Calculator (HC), Smart Tools (ST), Height and Distance (HD), Two Point Height (TPH and TPH2) and Tree Meter (TM) using the MOTO G5 smartphone. For data analysis, we performed an F (α = 0,05) test, and if there is a significant difference Dunnett's mean test (α = 0,05) was applied, and height variation coefficients (CV%) were analyzed for all applications used. Then, we carried out the graphical analysis of the differences and the statistical parameters of Bias (V), Mean of Absolute Differences (MD), Standard Deviation of Differences (DPD), ending with the performance index (c). We concluded that the applications Height Calculator (HC), Smart Tools (ST) and, Two Point Height, (TPH) present greater precision and accuracy in the measurement of the total height of the trees. However, we observed that increasing the height of the trees, reduces the performance of the applications, mainly using the Simple Measure (SM) and Height and Distance (HD) applications. The Tree Meter (TM) can be used on trees smaller than 20 m in total height. Measure Height (MH and MDH) and Hypsometer (HYP) applications have low precision and accuracy in estimates.

RESPON SAWI (Brassica juncea L) TERHADAP POC AIR LIMBAH BUDIDAYA LELE PLUS (ALBL PLUS)

Produksi sayuran termasuk Sawi (Brassica juncea L) organik masyarakat kita perlu ditingkatkan diantaranya melalui pemberian pupuk organik cair. Pupuk Organik Cair Air Limbah Budidaya Lele kaya nitrogen (POC ALBL-PLUS) merupakan pupuk organik cair kaya hara nitrogen, sehingga sangat berpotensi untuk diberikan pada tanaman sayuran khususnya sawi. Penelitian respon sawi (Brassica juncea) terhadap pupuk organik cair air limbah budidaya lele kaya nitrogen (POC ALBL-PLUS) perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh rekomendasi aplikasi POC ALBL-PLUS yang terbaik pada tanaman sawi. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktor Tunggal dengan 6 ulangan. Aplikasi POC ALBL-PLUS sebagai perlakuan adalah; A = 0,0 g/l (kontrol), B = 5 g/l tiap 5 hari sekali, C = 5 g/l tiap 10 hari sekali, D = 10 g/l tiap 5 hari sekali, E = 10 g/l tiap 10 hari sekali, F = 15 g/l tiap 5 hari sekali, G = 15 g/l tiap 10 hari sekali, H = 20 g/l tiap 5 hari sekali, I = 20 g/l tiap 10 hari sekali. Aplikasi POC ALBL-PLUS tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman dan umur berbunga, berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun serta berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap berat berangkasan basah tanaman caesim (Brassica juncea L). Aplikasi POC ALBL_PLUS 5 g/l dengan waktu pemberian tiap lima hari sekali (perlakuan B) meningkatkan jumlah daun dua kali lebih banyak dan berat berangkasan basah enam kali lebih berat dibandingkan tanpa aplikasi POC ALBL-PLUS (kontrol).Kata Kunci : POC, Nitrogen, Sawi

Fabrication of silver doped nano hydroxyapatite-carrageenan hydrogels for articular cartilage applications

It can be found from the results that nano hydroxyapatite- silver -3.0 wt% carageenan (nHA-Ag-CG3.0) improved the mechanical properties of the as-formed hydrogel scaffold after incorporation of higher CG concentration. The Young’s modulus of hydroxyapatite- silver - 1.5wt% carageenan (nHA-Ag-CG1.5) was found to be 0.36 ± 0.07 MPa that increased in case of nHA-Ag-CG3.0 demonstrating better interfacial compatibility of their matrix with respect to the reinforcement. This increase in reinforcement concentration resulted in higher stiffness that dissipated energy. The higher swelling ratio is envisaged to induce better cell adhesion and proliferation. The biodegradability test was performed in phosphate buffered saline at body temperature for 3 weeks. The biodegradability rate of nHA-Ag-CG1.5 was found to be equivalent to nHA-Ag-CG3.0 hydrogels at day 7 while it increased faster in nHA-Ag-CG3.0 on days 14 and 21 that may be ascribed to the possible interaction of nHA and Ag with their CG matrix. The bacterial cell viability of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was performed after 10 h, 20 h and 30 h of culture. The nHA-Ag-CG1.5 exhibited restrained growth of S. aureus as compared to nHA-Ag-CG3.0 and these results were validated by CLSM analysis. Hence, nHA-Ag-CG3.0 may be considered to have more cytocompatibility than nHA-Ag-CG 1.5.

Поправки Векторный потенциал электромагнитной волны над сильно-индуктивной двухслойной земной поверхностью

В статье, опубликованной в Журнале технической физики (Т. 89, Вып. 9, С. 1439-1444, 2019. DOI: 10.21883/JTF.2019.09.48072.55-19), формулы (18)-(20), по недосмотру авторов, приведены с опечатками. Ниже даем их правильный вид с той же нумерацией формул: D=(&pi; J0)/(&mu;0) gl[(&Omega;10+1)-(&Omega;10-1)(L-)/(L+)gr] exp(-&mu;0l), (18) E=(&pi; J0)/(&mu;0) gl[(&Omega;10+1)(L-)/(L+)-(&Omega;10-1)gr] exp(-&mu;0l), (19) [b] &amp; F=(&pi; J0)/(&mu;0) gl\gl[(&Omega;10+1)-(&Omega;10-1)(L-)/(L+) gr] exp(-&mu;1l) &amp;+ gl[(&Omega;10+1)(L-)/(L+)-(&Omega;10-1)gr] exp(&mu;1l) gr\exp(-&mu;0l+&mu;2h). (20) Эти исправления не сказываются на выводах указанной работы.

KAJI-SAIEARTHQUAKEonNovember 14, 2014 withКР=13.7, Mw=5.4, I0=7 (Kyrgyzstan, SouthernIssyk-Kul’)

Information on the earthquake with Mw=5.4 that occurred on the southern coast of the Issyk-Kul lake on the southwestern slope of the Tegerek mountains (Kyrgyzstan) on November 14, 2014 is given. The epicenter is located in the Jumgalo-Terskey zone, identified as the Tonsky block, in which felt earthquakes with intensity up to 7 have occurred repeatedly. 231 aftershocks were recorded in the first day, in the second day – 13 aftershocks, then seismic activity decreased. Most of the aftershocks are localized in the depth range of 17–21 km, close to the depth of the main shock (h=20 km). The earthquake had the reverse fault type. Macroseismic survey was fulfilled only in the epicentral zone due to the complex weather conditions (late autumn, highlands). The theoretical isoseismal map was created for receiving the more complete picture of the earthquake impact outside of its epicentral zone.