Impact of Terrorism on KSE 100: Evidence from Karachi

Terrorism is a critical issue throughout the world. In Pakistan, terrorism is one of the major obstacle in the growth of economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of terrorism in Karachi on the performance of KSE 100. Overall 27 big terrorist activities are considered in four years, ranging from 2011 to 2014. The performance of Karachi stock exchange is measured from the return of KSE 100 index. Moreover, the performance of KSE 100 index against terrorism in Karachi are analyzed through event study methodology and t-test. The result of the study shows that terrorism in Karachi has no significant impact on Karachi stock exchange 100 in all estimation windows. There is a little impact of some pre-event days on post-event days. But overall there is no significant result of terrorism in Karachi on KSE 100. The result highlights that the intensity of terrorist events is an important contributor in signifying the impact of terrorist events on KSE 100 index.

Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world

Previous research has indicated that constitutionalized emergency provisions effectively constrain the behaviour of democratic governments subsequent to terrorist attacks. In this article, we ask if this is also true for autocratic governments. Are non-democratic governments equally subject to constitutionalized constraints regarding their reactions to emergencies and particularly to terrorist attacks? To answer the question, we analyse the behaviour of a specific group of predominantly autocratic governments that are particularly subject to frequent terrorist incidents, namely the states that are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Employing data on terrorist activity from the Global Terrorism Database and constitutional data from the Index of Emergency Powers, we estimate the association between constitutionalized constraints and terrorist attacks in a dataset covering 48 member-states of the organization observed annually between 1970 and 2014. As hypothesized, we find that emergency constitutions that politically make it relatively cheap for governments to declare a state of emergency are more likely to be invoked. In addition, we find that governments are more likely to increase repression after terrorist events when the constitution allocates more discretionary power to the government in emergencies. Our evidence thus suggests that emergency constitutions also impact on the behaviour of largely autocratic governments.

Prediction and Evolution of the Influence of Microblog Entries in the Context of Terrorist Events

The outbreak of terrorist events often causes tremendous damage to the country and society and arouses high attention from the public and an overwhelming response on the microblogging platform. Predicting the influence of microblogging in the context of terrorist events and revealing its evolutionary mode can help counterterrorism departments foresee potential risks, take effective countermeasures in time, and provide a reference for reducing public panic caused by terrorist events. In this study, Word2Vec is combined with the K-means clustering technique to discover the topics of microblogging, and an emotion analysis of microblogging is performed. The user features, time features, and content features of microblogging in the context of terrorist events are extracted. The prediction model of microblogging influence based on the logistic regression model was constructed and evaluated. The experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy of the model was 85.8%, which had superior performance over other six classification models. In addition, the high-influence characteristics of microblogging in the context of terrorist events were analyzed and summarized. Finally, a quantitative method of the influence of a microblogging topic based on the h-index was proposed. The evolution pattern of the influence of a microblogging topic was analyzed. The results can help predict microblog entries of high influence, understand the intensity and variation of public concern over terrorist events, and assist counterterrorism departments in taking scientific decisions.

Terrorism in China and the Emerging Needs for Counter- Terrorism Medicine Following a Decade of Deaths and Injuries

Background:China is ranked 42nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While China has a relatively low terrorism risk, events globally have wide-ranging repercussions for future attacks, putting first responders and emergency health workers at risk. This study aims to provide the epidemiological context for the past decade detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and to develop training programs utilizing these data.Methods:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in China between the years 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD’s Codebook. Ambiguous events, as defined by the GTD’s Codebook, were excluded. English language grey literature was searched to ensure no events meeting these criteria were missed. A focused search of online English language newspaper articles was also performed for any terrorist events between 2008-2018.Results:One-hundred and eight terrorist events occurred in the study time period. Of the 108 incidents, forty-seven (43.5%) involved Explosives/Bombs/Dynamite (E/B/D) only, with an average fatality count of 2.9 and injury count of 7.5 per event. Twenty-seven (25.0%) used bladed or blunt weapons in melees with an average fatality count of 9.7 and an injury count of 8.8 per event. Five (4.6%) involved incendiary weapons with an average fatality count of 2.4 and an injury count of 7.2 per event. Two used only chemical weapons (1.8%) with no recorded deaths and an injury count of 27.0 per event. Two events had unknown weapon types (1.8%) with one recorded death and no injury count. One event used a firearm (0.9%) and led to one death and no injuries. One event used a vehicle (0.9%), which also led to one death and no recorded injuries. Twenty-three attacks used a mix of weapons (21.2%) with an average fatality count of 17.1 and an injury count of 12.0 per event.Conclusions:One-hundred and eight terrorist attacks were recorded between 2008-2018 on Chinese soil using well-understood modalities. This resulted in a total of 809 recorded fatalities with 956 non-fatal injuries. The most commonly chosen methodology was E/B/D, followed by melees and the use of bladed weapons. Three events individually recorded a combined casualty toll of over 100 people.

Terrorism in Australia: A Decade of Escalating Deaths and Injuries Supporting the Need for Counter-Terrorism Medicine

Background: Australia is ranked 71st on the Global Terrorism Index (GTI; 2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While it has a relatively low terrorist risk, events globally have wide-ranging repercussions putting first responders and emergency health workers at risk. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) is rapidly emerging as a sub-specialty needed to address these threats on the front line. This study aims to provide the epidemiological context for the past decade, detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter, and to develop training programs utilizing these data. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in Australia from the years 2009-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the following terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD. Ambiguous events were excluded when there was uncertainty as to whether the incident met all of the criteria for inclusion as a GTD terrorist incident. The grey literature was reviewed, and each event was cross-matched with reputable international and national newspaper sources online to confirm or add details regarding weapon type used, and whenever available, details of victim and perpetrator fatalities and injuries. Results: Thirty-seven terrorist events occurred in the study time period. Of the thirty-seven incidents, twenty-six (70.2%) involved incendiary weapons, five (13.5%) involved firearms, four (10.8%) involved melee (bladed weapon/knife) attacks, two (5.4%) were explosive/bombing/dynamite attacks, and one (2.7%) was a mixed attack using both incendiary and melee weapons. All except one firearms-related incident (four out of five) resulted in either a fatality or injury or both. Every melee incident resulted in either a fatality or injury or both. Conclusions: In the decade from 2009 to 2019, terrorist attacks on Australian soil have been manageable, small-scale incidents with well-understood modalities. Eleven fatalities and fourteen injuries were sustained as a result of terrorist events during that period. Incendiary weapons were the most commonly chosen methodology, followed by firearms, bladed weapons, and explosive/bombings/dynamite attacks.

Impacts of Terrorist Events on Tourism Development: Evidence from Asia

To examine terrorism impacts on international tourism industry in Asia, we collected data from 46 countries from 1995 to 2016, with a total of 1,012 samples. Our results showed that terrorism had a more consistent negative impact on international tourism revenue (ITR) than on international tourist arrivals. While the frequency of terrorism had a significant positive impact on ITR, when controlling for terrorist events which did not cause fatalities, such positive impact changed to negative. A further finding was that the Asian tourism market greatly developed following the 911 event, even though ITR decreased in Muslim countries with high risk of terrorist attacks. The current study makes a contribution to the understanding of terrorism features which may prove useful to strengthening antiterrorism policy in the tourism sector.

Understanding Adaptive Bioterrorism Methods: Counter Terrorism Medicine implications of Bongkrekic Acid Poisoning

Terrorist attacks fall under a unique category within the disaster medicine (DM) spectrum. Unlike accidental man-made disasters where there is an inherent pre-disaster objective to reduce risk and mitigate potential hazards, terrorist events have the aim of intentionally inflicting maximum casualties and disrupting the day to day functioning of society.

The Influence of terrorism on Foreign Direct Investment

In the process of globalization, the spread of terrorism has brought risks and uncertainties to multinational enterprises. In order to find out the influence of terrorism, this research use the Chinese multinational enterprises’(MNEs) 2089 investments in 125 countries to studies the impact of terrorist events on their investment decisions. The research find that the the more people affected by the terrorism in one country, the less subsidiaries set up in the countries. Terrorist events have brought severe challenges to investment. Governments of countries should improve their own security protection systems, while enterprises should also strengthen the risk management system.