Terrorism in China and the Emerging Needs for Counter- Terrorism Medicine Following a Decade of Deaths and Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Derrick Tin ◽  
Alexander Hart ◽  
Gregory R. Ciottone
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Terrorism Risk ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
Global Terrorism Database ◽  
Terrorist Events

AbstractBackground:China is ranked 42nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While China has a relatively low terrorism risk, events globally have wide-ranging repercussions for future attacks, putting first responders and emergency health workers at risk. This study aims to provide the epidemiological context for the past decade detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and to develop training programs utilizing these data.Methods:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in China between the years 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD’s Codebook. Ambiguous events, as defined by the GTD’s Codebook, were excluded. English language grey literature was searched to ensure no events meeting these criteria were missed. A focused search of online English language newspaper articles was also performed for any terrorist events between 2008-2018.Results:One-hundred and eight terrorist events occurred in the study time period. Of the 108 incidents, forty-seven (43.5%) involved Explosives/Bombs/Dynamite (E/B/D) only, with an average fatality count of 2.9 and injury count of 7.5 per event. Twenty-seven (25.0%) used bladed or blunt weapons in melees with an average fatality count of 9.7 and an injury count of 8.8 per event. Five (4.6%) involved incendiary weapons with an average fatality count of 2.4 and an injury count of 7.2 per event. Two used only chemical weapons (1.8%) with no recorded deaths and an injury count of 27.0 per event. Two events had unknown weapon types (1.8%) with one recorded death and no injury count. One event used a firearm (0.9%) and led to one death and no injuries. One event used a vehicle (0.9%), which also led to one death and no recorded injuries. Twenty-three attacks used a mix of weapons (21.2%) with an average fatality count of 17.1 and an injury count of 12.0 per event.Conclusions:One-hundred and eight terrorist attacks were recorded between 2008-2018 on Chinese soil using well-understood modalities. This resulted in a total of 809 recorded fatalities with 956 non-fatal injuries. The most commonly chosen methodology was E/B/D, followed by melees and the use of bladed weapons. Three events individually recorded a combined casualty toll of over 100 people.

Terrorism in Australia: A Decade of Escalating Deaths and Injuries Supporting the Need for Counter-Terrorism Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Tin ◽  
Alexander Hart ◽  
Attila J. Hertelendy ◽  
Gregory R. Ciottone
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
National Newspaper ◽  
Global Terrorism Database ◽  
Australian Soil ◽  
Terrorist Events

Abstract Background: Australia is ranked 71st on the Global Terrorism Index (GTI; 2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While it has a relatively low terrorist risk, events globally have wide-ranging repercussions putting first responders and emergency health workers at risk. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) is rapidly emerging as a sub-specialty needed to address these threats on the front line. This study aims to provide the epidemiological context for the past decade, detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter, and to develop training programs utilizing these data. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in Australia from the years 2009-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the following terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD. Ambiguous events were excluded when there was uncertainty as to whether the incident met all of the criteria for inclusion as a GTD terrorist incident. The grey literature was reviewed, and each event was cross-matched with reputable international and national newspaper sources online to confirm or add details regarding weapon type used, and whenever available, details of victim and perpetrator fatalities and injuries. Results: Thirty-seven terrorist events occurred in the study time period. Of the thirty-seven incidents, twenty-six (70.2%) involved incendiary weapons, five (13.5%) involved firearms, four (10.8%) involved melee (bladed weapon/knife) attacks, two (5.4%) were explosive/bombing/dynamite attacks, and one (2.7%) was a mixed attack using both incendiary and melee weapons. All except one firearms-related incident (four out of five) resulted in either a fatality or injury or both. Every melee incident resulted in either a fatality or injury or both. Conclusions: In the decade from 2009 to 2019, terrorist attacks on Australian soil have been manageable, small-scale incidents with well-understood modalities. Eleven fatalities and fourteen injuries were sustained as a result of terrorist events during that period. Incendiary weapons were the most commonly chosen methodology, followed by firearms, bladed weapons, and explosive/bombings/dynamite attacks.

A Decade of Terrorism in the United States and the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Derrick Tin ◽  
Alexander Hart ◽  
Gregory R. Ciottone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
National Newspaper ◽  
Global Terrorism Database ◽  
Fatal Injuries

Abstract Background: The United States (US) is ranked 22nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While the global number of deaths from terrorism over the past five years is down, the number of countries affected by terrorism is growing and the health care repercussions remain significant. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) is rapidly emerging as a necessary sub-specialty, and this study aims to provide the epidemiological context over the past decade supporting this need by detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and setting the stage for the development of training programs utilizing these data. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in the US from 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD. Ambiguous events were excluded when there was uncertainty as to whether the incident met all of the criteria for inclusion in the GTD. The grey literature was reviewed, and each event was cross-matched with reputable international and national newspaper sources online to confirm or add details regarding weapon type used and, whenever available, details of victim and perpetrator fatalities and injuries. Results: In total, 304 events were recorded during the period of study. Of the 304 events, 117 (38.5%) used incendiary-only weapons, 80 (26.3%) used firearms as their sole weapon, 55 (18.1%) used explosives, bombs, or dynamite (E/B/D), 23 (7.6%) were melee-only, six (2.0%) used vehicles-only, four (1.3%) were chemicals-only, two (0.7%) used sabotage equipment, two (0.7%) were listed as “others,” and one (0.3%) used biological weapon. There was no recorded nuclear or radiological weapon use. In addition, 14 (4.6%) events used a mix of weapons. Conclusions: In the decade from 2008 through 2018, terrorist attacks on US soil used weapons with well-understood injury-causing modalities. A total of 217 fatal injuries (FI) and 660 non-fatal injuries (NFI) were sustained as a result of these events during that period. Incendiary weapons were the most commonly chosen methodology, followed by firearms and E/B/D attacks. Firearm events contributed to a disproportionality high fatality count while E/B/D events contributed to a disproportionally high NFI count.

scholarly journals Studi Literatur: Peran Caregiver Untuk Peningkatan Perawatan Kesehatan Pada Pasien Demensia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Riskha Dora Candra Dewi ◽  
Kushariyadi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Dementia Patient ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Improve Health Care ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
Improve Health

The role of caregivers for dementia patients to improve health care is not yet optimal. Dementia patient care is an experience-based effort for complex dementia patients that can increase the psychological pressure of caregivers. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the caregiver's role in dementia patients to improve health care. Search strategies for English-language studies that are relevant to the topic are carried out using the ScienceDirect, SagePub, Springer databases limited from 2014 to 2020. The keywords used are "caregiver", "dementia", "health care", "role". Fulltext articles are reviewed to select studies that fit the criteria. The inclusion criteria in this review are  health workers, caregivers. A search using the keywords above with the ScienceDirect, SagePub, Springer database that met the inclusion criteria was only 22 articles. Research examined in this article uses a variety of methods, namely systematic literature review by 1 articles, RCT by 4 articles, interview by 1 articles, qualitative study by 5 articles, quasi-experimental study 2 article, participatory research of 1 article, bootstrapping methods of 1 article, scoping review of published literature by 1 articles, quantitative study by 1 articles, cohort study path analysis by 1, a survey to clarify the evaluation by 1, SEM by 1, standardized protocol by 1. Research using random techniques as much as 10 articles, while those using non-random techniques as many as 12 articles. The role of caregivers for dementia patients to improve health care is an effective experience-based effort and is the most appropriate activity for elderly patients with dementia. Enhance the role of the caregiver by changing the caregiver's perception of a more positive view of his role.

scholarly journals Cluster Analysis of Pakistani Terrorism Events to Support Counterterrorism

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Khadija Rohail ◽  
Khalid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Data Preprocessing ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Time ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Terrorist Events

The frequency of terrorist events in Pakistan has increased considerably in the past several years. These events are frequent and not random, making it important to identify useful patterns in their occurrences to assist counterterrorism organizations. In this paper, we conducted such an analytical activity for the first time in Pakistan. We acquired data of terrorist events from reliable online sources and applied data preprocessing techniques followed by cluster analysis. Based on statistical correlation, we discovered clusters over the following combinations: (1) “Event of Terrorism—Target of Terrorism”; and (2) “Event of Terrorism—Method of Terrorism”. A more significant clustering is one which groups distinct combinations into separate clusters. We analyzed these clusters along three dimensions: (1) Annually for the time period 1988–2012; (2) for each Pakistani province; and (3) for different types of terrorist events. We also proposed a statistic for gauging the intensity of terrorism and analyzed it along the same three dimensions. Our results were extensive, but generally indicated significant Event–Target and Event–Method clusters, as well as increasing and decreasing trends in terrorism intensity. These can assist counterterrorism authorities in thwarting future attacks and arresting the responsible criminals.

scholarly journals Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world

2021 ◽  
pp. 002234332110124
Author(s):  
Christian Bjørnskov ◽  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Muslim World ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global Terrorism Database ◽  
Terrorist Events

Previous research has indicated that constitutionalized emergency provisions effectively constrain the behaviour of democratic governments subsequent to terrorist attacks. In this article, we ask if this is also true for autocratic governments. Are non-democratic governments equally subject to constitutionalized constraints regarding their reactions to emergencies and particularly to terrorist attacks? To answer the question, we analyse the behaviour of a specific group of predominantly autocratic governments that are particularly subject to frequent terrorist incidents, namely the states that are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Employing data on terrorist activity from the Global Terrorism Database and constitutional data from the Index of Emergency Powers, we estimate the association between constitutionalized constraints and terrorist attacks in a dataset covering 48 member-states of the organization observed annually between 1970 and 2014. As hypothesized, we find that emergency constitutions that politically make it relatively cheap for governments to declare a state of emergency are more likely to be invoked. In addition, we find that governments are more likely to increase repression after terrorist events when the constitution allocates more discretionary power to the government in emergencies. Our evidence thus suggests that emergency constitutions also impact on the behaviour of largely autocratic governments.

scholarly journals EMR Precharting Efficiency in Internal Medicine: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238212052110324
Author(s):  
Chip A Bowman ◽  
Horatio Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Medical Undergraduate ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
Scholarly Data ◽  
Potential Improvement

Purpose: The act of precharting, or navigating the EMR to review a patient’s recent vitals, labs, notes, and other results, is something that is required of every clinician prior to effective rounding on patients. The purpose of this scoping review is to review the extant literature on precharting. Methods: Scholarly data through OVID on Medscape and grey literature were systematically searched with extensive inclusion criteria including the terms “Pre-round” “precharting” as well as “student” “education” or “teach” adjacent to “EMR” or “electronic medical record” or “electronic health record” or “documentation.” We collated this with “education, medical, undergraduate,” or “Students/medical.” Results: As of September 23, 2020, 241 scholarly articles were identified. No grey literature were identified. Inclusion criteria included full article access, English language, and covering the precharting topic. Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. These articles included 1 direct observational study, 1 retrospective study, 2 qualitative studies, 5 EMR workshop trainings, 1 perspective piece, 1 curriculum analysis, and 6 articles based on survey measures. Of these articles, the majority were published recently, with 8 of the 17 published since 2018. Summary of the limited existing literature can be distilled into 3 findings: a need for timely EMR data extraction, the potential optimization of EMR workflow, and the benefit of time intensive EMR trainings. Conclusions: This scoping review explored the existing scholarly and grey literature to summarize the review of precharting and education surrounding navigating the EMR for medical students as a means of exploring the topic to determine current practices and identify areas of potential improvement.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Global Terrorist Attacks Based on the Global Terrorism Database

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7598
Author(s):  
Zhongbei Li ◽  
Xiangchun Li ◽  
Chen Dong ◽  
Fanfan Guo ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global Terrorism Database

Terrorist attacks have become a serious source of risk affecting the security of the international community. Using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), in order to quantitatively study past terrorist attacks and their temporal and spatial evolution the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to classify the degree of damage from terrorist attacks. The various factors influencing terrorist attacks were extracted and represented in three dimensions. Subsequently, using MATLAB for analysis and processing, the grading standards for terrorist attacks were classified into five levels according to the degree of hazard. Based on this grading standard, the top ten terrorist attacks with the highest degree of hazard in the past two decades were listed. Because the characteristics and habits of a terrorist or group exhibit a certain consistency, the K-means cluster analysis method was used to classify terrorists according to region, type of attack, type of target and type of weapon used by the terrorists. Several attacks that might have been committed by the same terrorist organization or individual at different times and in different locations were classified into one category, and the top five categories were selected according to the degree of sabotage inflicted by the organization or individual. Finally, the spatiotemporal evolution of terrorist attacks in the past three years was analyzed, considering the terrorist attack targets and key areas of terrorist attacks. The Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and Africa were predicted to be the regions that will be most seriously affected by future global terrorist events. The terrorist attacks in Southeast Asia are expected to become more severe, and the scope of terrorist attacks in Africa is expected to widen. Civilians are the targets most at risk for terrorist attacks, and the corresponding risk index is considerably higher than it is for other targets. The results of this research can help individuals and the government to enable a better understanding of terrorism, improve awareness to prevent terrorism and enhance emergency management and rescue, and provide a solid and reliable basis and reference for joint counterterrorism in various countries and regions.

World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Junk Bonds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Liquidity ◽  
Short Time

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

An historical analysis of species references in American English

Corpora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-349
Author(s):  
Craig Frayne
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
American English ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Google Books

This study uses the two largest available American English language corpora, Google Books and the Corpus of Historical American English (coha), to investigate relations between ecology and language. The paper introduces ecolinguistics as a promising theme for corpus research. While some previous ecolinguistic research has used corpus approaches, there is a case to be made for quantitative methods that draw on larger datasets. Building on other corpus studies that have made connections between language use and environmental change, this paper investigates whether linguistic references to other species have changed in the past two centuries and, if so, how. The methodology consists of two main parts: an examination of the frequency of common names of species followed by aspect-level sentiment analysis of concordance lines. Results point to both opportunities and challenges associated with applying corpus methods to ecolinguistc research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document