Bazı Tescilli Nohut Çeşitlerinin Elek Analiz Değerleri

Chickpea is consumed after passing through different processes both in fresh and dry forms. Consumers generally prefer large kernels and a kernel size of below 6 mm is not preferred. In the present study, grain size fractions (above 9, 8, 7, 6 mm sieves and below 6 mm sieve) of different chickpea cultivars were determined. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with 3 replications over the experimental fields of the Agricultural Research and Implementation Center of Erciyes University in 2018 and 2019 vegetation seasons without the use of chemical and organic fertilizers. In present experiments, 27 chickpea cultivars registered in Turkey between the years 1991 – 2013 were used. In both years, the greatest size ratios (41.21% in the first year and 35.41% in the second year) were observed for the 8 mm sieve and the second for the 7 mm sieve.

Selective recording of a tectonic forcing in different grain-size fractions in the Oligocene/Miocene Eastern Alpine Molasse Basin

<p>Sedimentary archives are the main source of information for climatic and tectonic changes in Earth’s history. We investigate how the tectonically triggered early (28±1 Ma) exhumation of the Tauern Window in the Eastern European Alps is recorded in the Oligocene/Miocene Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB) in Upper Austria. We combined Nd isotopic compositions on clay-sized bulk sediment and of sand-sized single-grain apatites with additional trace-element geochemistry, fission track (AFT) and U-Pb dating to investigate the timing of when this tectonic signal reaches the sediment archive within these different grain-size fractions.</p><p>This well-investigated basin offers an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental signal propagation. From ~27 to 19 Ma, a deep-marine basin-axial, gravity-flow dominated channel controlled the West to East directed sediment transport in the Upper Austrian NAFB. The sediments were sourced in the Eastern and Central Alps. At 19 Ma, channel sedimentation ceased and clinoforms prograded from the southern margin northward into the basin. This change in sediment-routing direction cut off the Central Alpine sediment source.</p><p>Drill cuttings of one well on the northern basin slope and drill cores from 12 wells were sampled for clay and the single-grain analysis. Clay eNd values remain stable around -9.7 (±0.5) from 27 to 19 Ma but increase afterwards to -8.7 (±0.2) at 18.3 Ma. In contrast, apatite single-grain results significantly change at 23.3±0.3 Ma from a domination of apatites from low-grade (<upper amphibolite-facies) metamorphic sources, Permo-Mesozoic and late Variscan U-Pb ages and AFT ages >40 Ma to a domination of high-grade metamorphic apatites with late Variscan U-Pb ages and an increasing number of AFT ages <30 Ma. The high-grade metamorphic apatites have slightly more positive eNd values (-2.2 ± 3.9) than the low-grade metamorphic apatites (-4.4 ± 4.2).</p><p>The changes in the single-grain data sets have been previously interpreted to mirror the exposure of a new Upper Austroalpine nappe as a consequence of the ongoing early Tauern Window exhumation. The total signal lag time between the beginning of the exhumation and the arrival of the signal within the apatite assemblage in the sedimentary archive is therefore 3.4 to 6 Myrs. The clay eNd values do not record this change in provenance at 23.3±0.3 Ma as they stayed stable until 19 Ma when they increased slightly. This might point towards a delayed recording of the provenance change revealed at 23.3±0.3 Ma by the apatites. The difference in signal recording is caused by the characteristics of the applied methods. Whereas single-grain distributions of orogen-wide sediment-routing systems can be dominated by geographically small areas with high erosion rates and high mineral fertility, bulk-rock methods integrate over the entire drainage area, a process that diminishes extreme values. The disconnection of the Central Alpine sediment source at 19 Ma, increased the relative proportion of the more positive eNd values of the Upper Austroalpine Nappe in the drainage area, leading to an increase in clay eNd values in our data set. Our results show that different information from the hinterland is recorded in the different grain-size fractions and methods.</p>

A comparison of polymineral and K-feldspar post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence ages of loess from Franconia, southern Germany

Loess-paleosol sequences (LPSs) are essential records for reconstructing Quaternary paleoenvironments. No previous study has provided numerical chronologies of loess in Lower Franconia, southern Germany; their chronostratigraphic assumptions have relied mainly on German (pedo)stratigraphic schemes. In this study, we provide for the first time a chronology for LPSs in Lower Franconia based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating using quartz and a comparison of K-feldspar (63–100 µm) and the polymineral fraction (4–11 µm). Our results show that all obtained ages are in stratigraphic order, ranging from Holocene to late Pleistocene, and in general confirm the former stratigraphical interpretations. A good agreement of the obtained ages is observed between both feldspar grain size fractions; they also agree well with the quartz OSL ages up to ∼50 ka. However, a marked difference between the growth pattern of the dose response curves and consequently different saturation characteristics of fine and coarse grains is found. Even though in our samples the discrepancy in ages is not very significant, we suggest the use of coarse-grained K-feldspar whenever possible in order to not be confronted with unknowns such as the mineral composition of the polymineral fraction.

Mobility and storage of hydrophobic urban pollutants in an agricultural river in southwestern Germany (Ammer River)

<p>Hydrophobic pollutants in rivers are transported to varying degrees either in the dissolved or particle-bound phase. For either very turbid rivers or very strongly sorbing compounds, transport dynamics are closely coupled to the cascading sediment movement throught the stream network. Hence, an understanding of sediment storage and mobilisation/movement, including the interaction of suspended and bed sediment phases is the basis for properly discribing contaminant transport.</p><p>Suspened sediments from the Ammer River in southwestern Germany show a gradual decrease of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) loadings in a downstream direction, reflecting urban sources in the headwaters. The decrease of PAH loading is, however, only weak which we attribute to only moderate inputs of more or less clean sediments along the river profile, capable of diluting the contaminant signal. The bed sediments of the river comprise a large fraction of grain sizes < 250 µm and constitute an important storage compartment for hydrophobic contaminants. Transformation or leaching into the water phase may reduce the stored amounts. Furthermore, the particle-bound mobility of the stored contaminants clearly depends on the distribution among grain size fractions. We have, therefore, also sampled the bed sediments < 250 µm along the river profile and separated into four grain size fractions (< 19 µm, 19-54 µm, 54-100 µm, 100-250 µm) using vacuum filtration and fine stainless steel meshes. The fractions have been analyzed for urban pollutants of different origins (PAH, heavy metals and the musk fragrance galaxolide) and particulate organic carbon (POC) content. First results show that POC is enriched in the 19-54 µm fraction and that metal contents are neither correlated with POC nor with grain size. This contradicts the common assumption that compounds typically sorbing to surfaces acumulate in the finest fractions due to the large specific surface area. Final results for PAH and galaxolide concentrations as a function of POC contents and particle sizes will also be presented (analysis still pending). At least for PAH a strong affinity to organic carbon is anticipated, while not much is known to date about the sorption and storage behaviour of galoxolide.</p><p>The results will give further insights into the environmental behaviour of the investigated compound groups. Comparison with data from suspended sediment sampling will enhance our understanding of mobile and immobile phase interactions and, hence, the transport dynamics of these sediment-associated pollutants.</p>

Pervasive influence of fine silt sediments on the radiocarbon age of bulk sedimentary OC, alkenones and GDGTs via hydrodynamic mineral sorting processes in continental margins.

<p>Since Ohkouchi et al. (2002) pioneering work, compound specific radiocarbon (<sup>14</sup>C) dating has been largely used to explore <sup>14</sup>C age discrepancies between co-deposited sedimentary components in a wide range of depositional settings. Older <sup>14</sup>C ages of bulk organic carbon (OC) and alkenones relative to co-deposited planktonic foraminifera have been mainly attributed to lateral sediment transport processes by means of organic matter (OM)-mineral associations.</p><p>Definitive evidence for this hypothesis requires in-depth investigations at the mineral grain-size level. Here, we examine the radiocarbon signatures of OC and two molecular biomarkers widely used as paleothermometers (i.e., alkenones and glycerol diakyl glycerol tetraether (GDGTs)) associated to discrete sediment grain-size fractions collected from a range of continental margin settings. Our results evidence the pervasive influence of hydrodynamically-driven sorting processes on the OM content and composition of continental margin sediments, manifested in the <sup>14</sup>C age variability of OC, alkenones and GDGTs residing in bulk sediments corresponding grain-size fractions. We find that OC and both, alkenones and GDGTs, preferentially reside within the fine silt fraction, which accounts for a substantial fraction of the bulk sediment mass. Therefore, fine silt exerts a strong influence on the <sup>14</sup>C ages of these three components in bulk sediments. Given the propensity to resuspension and advection of fine silt under strong currents, the extent of its impact on the paleotemperature signal recorded by alkenones and GDGTs is also assessed. </p><p> </p><p>Ohkouchi, N., Eglinton, T.I., Keigwin, L.D., Hayes, J.M., 2002. Spatial and Temporal Offsets Between Proxy Records in a Sediment Drift. Science 298, 1224-1227.</p>

The Concentration of Asbestos Fibers in Bulk Samples and Its Variation with Grain Size

The aim of this work was to establish whether asbestos fibers homogeneously occur in the different fractions ground from naturally occurring asbestos lithotypes, and to calculate the contribution of fibers from each fraction to the overall concentration in the sample. Serpentinite, metabasalt, calc-schist, clay, debris material, and soil, were addressed. Grain size fractions below 20 mm were sieved at 2 mm and 0.106 mm; they were then were mechanically milled to obtain powders below 0.106 mm. The three powdered fractions were characterized using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy following M.D. 06/09/94. The still in use (in some cases), Italian normative M.D. 161/2012 specifies that analyses must be performed on the <2 mm fraction and the concentration (mg/kg) correlated with the weight of the whole sample <20 mm. However, the fiber counts yielded asbestos concentrations 50–60% lower compared with total asbestos analyses according to the new R.P.D. 120/2017. Consequently, there is a need to standardize the normative worldwide regulations for the management of asbestos-containing materials, by re-evaluation of sample preparation and quantification of asbestos.