Molecular Detection of Ampicillin Resistant Genes in E. coli Isolates from ‎Dogs in India

The most common cause of urinary tract infection in dogs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). This condition often presents with vaginal discharge, dribbling of urine, straining or vocalization while urinating due to pain. Furthermore, the following signs are also noticeable: hematuria, lethargy, proteinuria, dysuria, cystitis, and oliguria. The aim of this research was to investigate the genes of ampicillin resistance in E. coli isolates from dogs with urinary tract infections. Out of 103 urine samples cultured (Blood agar, MacConkey’s lactose agar and Eosin methylene blue agar), 24.3% were positive for uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The positive isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test and PCR analysis. All the uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin while 96% were resistant to Cloxacillin and Oxytetracycline. Susceptibility to Meropenem, Gentamicin and Amikacin were 64 %, 44 % and 40% respectively. All the 25 strains of the E. coli were identified to be resistant to two or more antibiotics. The PCR result showed the presence of blaAMPC in all the samples and 60 % had blaTEM genes responsible for ampicillin resistance. However, none of the isolates were positive for the blaSHV gene.The presence of the blaAMPC and blaTEM genes in the dogs studied resulted in ampicillin resistance, with blaAMPC being the most commonly detected ampicillin gene in Escherichia coli in the study area. Meropenem was also found to be a good choice for treating uropathogenic E. coli infection in dogs.

Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Species in Chickens

The study was intended for molecular detection of Salmonella Spp isolated from chicken. A total of 160 samples comprising of 40 liver, 40 spleen, 40 lungs and 40 intestines were collected directly into buffered peptone in universal bottles at the poultry slaughter houses of the four districts in Jos South Local Government area of Plateau State. The samples were enriched in 10 ml of Rappaport-Vassiliades broth and cultured onto Xylems Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar for the isolation of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified by studying staining characteristics, cultural properties on different selective media, biochemical tests, catalase and coagulase test, and finally by PCR. Out of 160 samples, 65 (41%) samples were found positive for Salmonella Spp on XLD and 24 (37%) positive by biochemical analysis. Two(2) Salmonella isolates were amplified by 942 bp gene based PCR. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of the organism to various antibiotics. Its results showed that the Salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxycillin (100%) and erythromycin (100%), gentamicin (100%), Clindamycin (100%) streptomycin (100%), tetracycline (100%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%) but sensitive to Ceftiofur (100%).

Isolation, identification, and antimicrobial sensitivity test of bacteria isolated from the rectal swab of african pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica)

Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica were widely known as pets or livestock in Indonesia, but there has been no study about bacteria from the rectal swab before. This study aims to isolate, identify, and analyze the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria from the rectal swab of Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica. Rectal swab samples were cultured on blood agar plate and identified by selective media and biochemical tests. Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial sensitivity test. The result shows that the bacteria identified from the rectal swab samples of Atelerix albiventris are Escherichia coli (75%) and Proteus mirabilis (25%), meanwhile the bacteria identified from Hystrix javanica are Escherichia coli (100%). The identified Escherichia coli found from the sample is sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Fosfomycin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, and Trimethoprim; and resistant to Erythromycin and Penicillin G. The identified Proteus mirabilis is sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Kanamycin, and Trimethoprim; intermediate to Enrofloxacin; and resistant to Erythromycin, Fosfomycin, Chloramphenicol, Penicillin G, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. This research concludes that the bacteria found from the rectal swab of Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica are bacteria with similar species and characters.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Farmed Asian Clam Corbicula Fluminea

In the present study, Salmonella spp. was successfully isolated from Asian clam Corbicula fluminea by using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) selective agar. A total of 200 bacterial colonies from live Asian clams were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test by using disc diffusion method. A total of 18 antibiotics was applied in the present study, namely oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, spiramycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, fosfomycin, florfenicol, lincomycin, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, flumequine and sulphamethoxazole. The findings of the present study showed that total antibiotic sensitive case for Salmonella spp. isolated from C. fluminea sample was 50% or 1800 cases. This was followed by antibiotic resistance case 45% or 1620 cases and intermediary antibiotic sensitive case (5% or 180 cases). Based on the results of the present study, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and flumequine showed the highest inhibition of isolated Salmonella spp. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.36, indicating the sampled clams were highly exposed to the tested antibiotics.

Efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality associated with Flavobacterium columnare in tilapia

The efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality associated with Flavobacterium columnare was studied in tilapia. F. columnare T3-8/10 strain used for infection was tested for virulence by bath challenge to tilapia (body weight: BW 14 - 16 g) and antimicrobial sensitivity test. The results showed LD50 of this bacterial strain was 4.8×104 CFU/mL and it was sensitive to florfenicol. Experiment for control mortality caused by the bacterium in tilapia (BW 18 - 20 g) was designed with four treatments including negative control (uninfected fish), positive control, NT10 and NT15 (infected with LD50). Just after infection, fish in positive control, NT10 and NT15 treatments were treated with florfenicol at doses of 0, 10 and 15 mg/kg BW/day for 10 days, respectively, by feeding fish with medicated feed. Mortality of fish in positive control treatment after 14 days of infection was 54.0 ± 5.47% and statistically different in comparison with those in negative control, NT10 and NT15 treatments were 0.0, 3.0 ± 4.72 and 2.60 ± 2.51%, respectively (P < 0.05). Fish in NT10 and NT15 treatments were sampled for testing florfenicol residue in the flesh at day 1, 16, 20 and 24 after treatment. The results showed florfenicol residue levels in the flesh of sampled fish at all testing timepoints were significantly lower in comparison with the safe concentration lower than 1000 ppb regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam.

MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM RAW MILK SOLD IN DIFFERENT MARKETS OF BANGLADESH

The study was intended for molecular detection of S. aureus isolated from raw cow’s milk. A total of 20 milk samples were collected from different upazila markets of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts of Bangladesh. Milk samples were cultured onto various culture media for the isolation of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified by studying cultural properties on different selective media, biochemical tests, and finally by PCR. Out of 20 samples, 15 (75%) milk samples were found to be positive for S. aureus. S. aureus specific 16S rRNA gene was amplified from all isolates and identified as S. aureus. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of the organism to various antibiotics. Its results showed that the S. aureus isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100%), erythromycin (73.33%) and tetracycline (73.33%) but sensitive to azithromycin (93.33%), ciprofloxacin (93.33%), gentamicin (100%), norfloxacin (86.67%) and streptomycin (86.67%).

COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TO OLDER AND NEWER QUINOLONES VERSUS PIPERACILLIN-TAZOBACTAM, CEFEPIME AND MEROPENEM IN FEBRILE PATIENTS WITH CANCER IN TWO REFERRAL PEDIATRIC CENTERS IN TEHRAN, IRAN

Infection in pediatric cancer patients has become a concerning problem due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. The goal of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of blood isolates from pediatric oncology patients in Iran to determine if quinolones are appropriate for empiric therapy. Methods Children with cancer who were admitted with or developed fever during admission to Aliasghar Children’s Hospital or Mahak Hospitals July 2009 through June 2011 were eligible for enrollment. Two blood cultures were obtained. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed for ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, meropenem, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam on isolates from children who were bacteremic. Results Blood cultures were positive for 39 episodes in 169 enrolled children but 9 episodes were excluded as blood cultures were thought to be contaminated, yielding a bacteremia rate of 29/160 (18%). The mean age of children and the stage of malignancy did not differ between those with and without bacteremia. Meropenem was the most likely antibiotic to cover isolates (97%) with cefepime having the lowest coverage rate (21%). Quinolone coverage ranged from 63% to 76%. Conclusion Quinolones are not suitable for use as empiric therapy in febrile pediatric oncology patients in Iran.