ON THE INTERACTION OF A VISCOELASTIC CYLINDRICAL PIPE WITH INNER UNIFORM COATING AND INSERTS WITH A COMPLEX PROFILE

This work is devoted to the formulation and construction of an analytical solution to the problem of contact between a cylindrical viscoelastic aging pipe with an internal thin coating and an insert having a complex shape placed inside the pipe with an interference fit. In practice, the presence of such coatings is required, for example, to protect the main structure from aggressive external or internal environments, for its electrical insulation, etc. The manufacturing process of the inner coating determines its possible heterogeneity (dependence of properties on coordinates). An insert placed inside a pipe can have a complex profile that has a rapidly changing function. Taking these features into account is important when analyzing the stress-strain state of pipes with an internal coating. Using an approach based on the use of special basis functions and the type of solution, a representation for the contact stresses in the pipe in the region of the rigid insert is obtained. This approach makes it possible to distinguish functions that describe the properties of the inner coating and the shape of the outer profile of the insert in the form of separate terms and factors in the expression for the contact stresses in the insert region. Therefore, in order to achieve high accuracy when carrying out calculations, it is sufficient to restrict ourselves to a relatively small number of terms

Early eukaryotic origins and metazoan elaboration of MAPR family proteins

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) family consists of heme-binding proteins containing a cytochrome b5(cytb5) domain characterized by the presence of a MAPR-specific interhelical insert region (MIHIR) between helices 3 and 4 of the canonical cytb5-domain fold. Animals possess three MAPR families (PGRMC-like, Neuferricin and Neudesin).ResultsHere we show that all animal MAPR families were already present in the common ancestor of the Opisthokonta (comprising animals and fungi as well as related protistan taxa). All three MAPR genes acquired extensions C-terminal to the cytb5domain, either before or with the evolution of animals. The archetypical MAPR protein, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), contains phosphorylated tyrosines Y139 and Y180. The combination of Y139/Y180 appeared in the common ancestor of Cnidaria and bilaterally symmetrical animals, along with an early embryological organizer and synapsed neurons, and is strongly conserved in all bilateral animals. A predicted protein interaction motif in the PGRMC1 MIHIR is potentially regulated by Y139 phosphorylation. A multilayered model of animal MAPR function acquisition includes some pre-metazoan functions (e.g., heme binding and cytochrome P450 interactions) and some acquired animal-specific functions that involve regulation of strongly conserved protein interaction motifs acquired by early-branching animals.ConclusionsThis study provides a conceptual framework for future studies, against which PGRMC1’s multiple functions can perhaps be stratified and functionally dissected. In accompanying papers we show that mutational perturbation of PGRMC1 phosphorylation status of the Y180 motif is associated with dramatic changes cell pasticity assayed by protein abundances, cell morphology, mitochondrial function, genomic stability, and epigenetic status, with pathways analysis associating Y180 mutation with processes related to organizer function. These combined works reveal previously unrecognized involvement of PGRMC1 in foundational animal processes of great relevance to disease.

An orthogonal c-Cbl recognition mode targets LynA for rapid degradation and builds specificity into the LynA checkpoint

The activity of Src-family kinases (SFKs), which phosphorylate immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), is critical factor regulating myeloid-cell activation. In a previous paper (Freedman et al., 2015) we showed in macrophages that the SFK LynA is uniquely susceptible to rapid ubiquitin-mediated degradation, functioning as a rheostat regulating ITAM signaling. We now report the mechanism by which LynA is preferentially targeted for degradation and how cell specificity is built into the LynA rheostat. Using genetic and biochemical analysis, we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl preferentially targets LynA via tyrosine 32 in its unique insert region. This orthogonal mode of c-Cbl recognition depresses the steady-state level of macrophage LynA. Mast cells, however, express little c-Cbl and have correspondingly high steady-state levels of LynA. Upon activation, mast-cell LynA is not rapidly degraded, and SFK-mediated signaling is amplified relative to macrophages. Cell-specific c-Cbl expression therefore builds cell specificity into the LynA checkpoint.

Common antigenic motif recognized by human VH5-51/VL4-1 tau antibodies with distinct functionalities

ABSTRACTMisfolding and aggregation of tau protein are closely associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). By interrogating IgG+ memory B cells from asymptomatic donors with tau peptides, we have identified two somatically mutated VH5-51/VL4-1 antibodies. One of these, CBTAU-27.1, binds to the aggregation motif in the R3 repeat domain and blocks the aggregation of tau into paired helical filaments (PHFs) by sequestering monomeric tau. The other, CBTAU-28.1, binds to the N-terminal insert region and inhibits the spreading of tau seeds and mediates the uptake of tau aggregates into microglia by binding PHFs. Crystal structures revealed that the combination of VH5-51 and VL4-1 recognizes a common Pro-Xn-Lys motif driven by germline-encoded hotspot interactions while the specificity and thereby functionality of the antibodies are defined by the CDR3 regions. Affinity improvement led to improvement in functionality, identifying their epitopes as new targets for therapy and prevention of AD.

PENGKLONAN GEN PENYANDI VIRAL PROTEIN 15 (VP-15) WSSV DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI VAKSIN REKOMBINAN PADA UDANG WINDU

Infeksi white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) dapat menyebabkan kematian massal pada budidaya udang windu Penaeus monodon di Indonesia. Infeksi yang terjadi secara sistematis tersebut disebabkan oleh peran gen nucleocapsid viral protein (VP-15). Upaya pengembangan gen VP-15 WSSV untuk menginduksi respons imun dan menetralisasi terhadap infeksi WSSV pada udang windu perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan merekombinasikan gen penyandi VP-15 WSSV sebagai vaksin dsRNA, serta menganalisis aplikasinya pada udang windu. Gen VP-15 diisolasi dari udang windu yang terinfeksi WSSV, dikloning ke dalam suatu vektor dan ditransformasikan ke sel kompeten (bakteri Escheria coli DH5a). Plasmid diisolasi untuk mengonfirmasi insert region gen VP-15 melalui sekuensing nukleotida. Pembuatan vaksin rekombinan dilakukan secara in-vitro menggunakan kit MEGAscript RNAi dan diaplikasikan ke udang windu melalui metode injeksi dengan dosis tunggal 0,2 µg dan kontrol (tanpa injeksi vaksin). Hewan uji yang digunakan berukuran panjang 14,75±3,17 g dan bobot 11,64±0,76 cm; serta dipelihara pada wadah bak fiber volume 250 L dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/bak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gen penyandi VP-15 telah diisolasi dari udang windu dan vaksin rekombinan telah dihasilkan secara in-vitro. Analisis sekuens nukleotida memperlihatkan bahwa sisipan gen DNA VP-15 sebesar 253 bp dan menunjukkan kemiripan yang tinggi (99%) pada GenBank. Penggunaan vaksin rekombinan dsRNA dengan dosis 0,2 µg memperlihatkan sintasan udang windu yang dapat mencapai 40,0% dibandingkan dengan kontrol hanya 3,3% (peningkatan 36,7%). Gambaran histopatologi pada jaringan hepatopankreas udang windu pada perlakuan kontrol menunjukkan adanya kerusakan inti sel, akibat infeksi WSSV. Gene VP-15 berpotensi sebagai bahan vaksin rekombinan dsRNA dalam mencegah infeksi WSSV.Infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes bulk mortalities of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon cultured in Indonesia. The nucleocapsid viral protein-15 (VP-15) is strongly suspected to be responsible for the systemic infection of WSSV. The development of VP-15 WSSV gene for inducing the immune response to and neutralize WSSV infection of tiger shrimp is vitally needed. The aim of this study was to isolate and clone the gene encoding VP-15 WSSV as dsRNA vaccine and assess the vaccine application to tiger shrimp. VP-15 gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of infected tiger shrimps, cloned into the vector, and transformed into competent cells (Escheria coli DH5a). The plasmid was isolated to confirm the insert region gene of VP-15 by the nucleotide sequence. Production of dsRNA vaccine was performed by in-vitro using MEGAscript RNAi kit and applied to tiger shrimp through muscular injection at a single dosage of 0.2 µg and without dsRNA as a control treatment. The average size of tiger shrimps used was 14.75±3.17 g in weight and 11.64±0.76 cm in length and stocked in 250 L fiber tank at 10 ind./tank. The results of the study showed the VP-15 gene was successfully isolated from the tiger shrimps and the recombinant vaccine was produced by in-vitro. The analysis of nucleotide sequence showed that the inserted DNA was 253 bp and showed a high similarity (99%) with VP-15 gene deposited in the GenBank. The application of dsRNA vaccine showed that the dosage of 0.2 ¼g resulted in the survival rate of 40.0% compared with without dsRNA (control) of 3.3% (36.7% increment). Hepatopancreas histology indicated obvious damages to cell nucleus in the un-vaccinated tiger shrimp caused by the virus infection. We suggest that the VP-15 gene is a very promising dsRNA recombinant vaccine against WSSV infection.