Spironolactone Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Regulating the Ca2+/Calcineurin/p-NFATc3 Pathway

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and molecular mechanism of spironolactone in isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, primary cardiomyocytes were extracted from the heart of neonatal rats. After stable culture, they were processed with isoproterenol alone or isoproterenol (10 μM) combined with different doses (low dose of 10 μM and high dose of 50 μM), and the cellular activity was determined by MTT experiment. The volume of cells was measured with an inverted microscope and CIAS-1000 cell image analysis system. The mRNA expression levels of ANP and BNP in cells were explored by RT-qPCR. The levels of ANP and BNP proteins and NFATc3 phosphorylation in the nucleus were detected by western blot. The extracellular Ca2+ concentration and CaN activity were measured by colorimetry with the kit. Isoproterenol significantly enlarged the volume of cardiomyocytes ( p < 0.001 ), upregulated mRNA and expression levels of ANP and BNP proteins ( p < 0.001 ), increased extracellular Ca2+ concentration and CaN activity ( p < 0.001 ), and upregulated NFATc3 phosphorylation in the nucleus ( p < 0.001 ). The volume of cells treated with isoproterenol combined with different doses of spironolactone significantly decreased compared with those treated with isoproterenol alone ( p < 0.001 ). mRNA and expression levels of ANP and BNP proteins downregulated significantly ( p < 0.001 ). The extracellular Ca2+ ( p < 0.01 ) concentration and CaN activity ( p < 0.001 ) decreased significantly, and NFATc3 phosphorylation in the nucleus downregulated significantly ( p < 0.001 ). There was no significant difference in cell volume ( p = 0.999 ), ANP and BNP mRNA ( p = 0.695 ), expression levels of proteins, CaN activity (0.154), and NFATc3 phosphorylation in the nucleus between the cells treated with isoproterenol combined with high-dose spironolactone and those in the control group. In conclusion, spironolactone can reverse isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inhibiting the Ca2+/CaN/NFATc3 pathway.

Deep ReLU network expression rates for option prices in high-dimensional, exponential Lévy models

We study the expression rates of deep neural networks (DNNs for short) for option prices written on baskets of $d$ d risky assets whose log-returns are modelled by a multivariate Lévy process with general correlation structure of jumps. We establish sufficient conditions on the characteristic triplet of the Lévy process $X$ X that ensure $\varepsilon $ ε error of DNN expressed option prices with DNNs of size that grows polynomially with respect to ${\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon ^{-1})$ O ( ε − 1 ) , and with constants implied in ${\mathcal{O}}(\, \cdot \, )$ O ( ⋅ ) which grow polynomially in $d$ d , thereby overcoming the curse of dimensionality (CoD) and justifying the use of DNNs in financial modelling of large baskets in markets with jumps.In addition, we exploit parabolic smoothing of Kolmogorov partial integro-differential equations for certain multivariate Lévy processes to present alternative architectures of ReLU (“rectified linear unit”) DNNs that provide $\varepsilon $ ε expression error in DNN size ${\mathcal{O}}(|\log (\varepsilon )|^{a})$ O ( | log ( ε ) | a ) with exponent $a$ a proportional to $d$ d , but with constants implied in ${\mathcal{O}}(\, \cdot \, )$ O ( ⋅ ) growing exponentially with respect to $d$ d . Under stronger, dimension-uniform non-degeneracy conditions on the Lévy symbol, we obtain algebraic expression rates of option prices in exponential Lévy models which are free from the curse of dimensionality. In this case, the ReLU DNN expression rates of prices depend on certain sparsity conditions on the characteristic Lévy triplet. We indicate several consequences and possible extensions of the presented results.

Target space entanglement in quantum mechanics of fermions and matrices

We consider entanglement of first-quantized identical particles by adopting an algebraic approach. In particular, we investigate fermions whose wave functions are given by the Slater determinants, as for singlet sectors of one-matrix models. We show that the upper bounds of the general Rényi entropies are N log 2 for N particles or an N × N matrix. We compute the target space entanglement entropy and the mutual information in a free one-matrix model. We confirm the area law: the single-interval entropy for the ground state scales as $$ \frac{1}{3} $$ 1 3 log N in the large N model. We obtain an analytical $$ \mathcal{O}\left({N}^0\right) $$ O N 0 expression of the mutual information for two intervals in the large N expansion.

Solving Math Word Problems with Teacher Supervision

Math word problems (MWPs) have been recently addressed with Seq2Seq models by `translating' math problems described in natural language to a mathematical expression, following a typical encoder-decoder structure. Although effective in solving classical math problems, these models fail when a subtle variation is applied to the word expression of a math problem, and leads to a remarkably different answer. We find the failure is because MWPs with different answers but similar math formula expression are encoded closely in the latent space. We thus designed a teacher module to make the MWP encoding vector match the correct solution and disaccord from the wrong solutions, which are manipulated from the correct solution. Experimental results on two benchmark MWPs datasets verified that our proposed solution outperforms the state-of-the-art models.

Kinematics Analysis of Four-Legged Walking Robots for Grabbing Object

Development of integrated hand-foot function is the inevitable choice for the practical application of multi-legged robots. In this paper, a new type of robot which has the structure of four-legged walking robot based on hand-foot-integration is introduced. The image system is installed in the body of the robot, which is used to direct the robot to complete grabbing object. Kinematics relations of grasping states of robot are described. The inverse kinematic is analyzed in details. Firstly, the structure of the robot is introduced. Secondly, the kinematics relation of serial manipulator with grasping function is researched. Finally, the inverse kinematics of robot in grasping object is obtained. The relevant formula is deduced in this paper, and the formula expression is given. The analysis process is last verified through a numerical example. The model can be used for motion control of robot.

Relationship of Flux Harmonics and Partitioning Method of Zero Voltage Vectors

Aiming the traditional space vector PWM with equal duration of the two zero vectors, the paper introduces the principle of SVPWM. The harmonic is analyzed based on formula expression, numerical computation, and graph presentation. The optimal zero vector partitioning method is proposed. Finally, the interpolation method and discretization of the optimal method are proposed and discussed.

Parametric Design of Roller Oscillating Follower Disc Cam on UG

The paper use UG to make parametric designs of the contour of the cam, which has the advantages of high precision, better design of using parameter and simpler process. In this article, the parametric design of roller oscillating follower disc cam is taken as an example to introduce the process, getting the equation of cam contour with the help of "reversal method”, making sure of the mathematical relationship between the angle of the pendulum swing and the cam angle in terms of the constant acceleration and constant deceleration motion law. Construct the formula expression of each part for the cam profile, then get theoretical profile curve according to UG formula, and finally form the actual cam profile curve through using command of offset curve. In addition, a new cam can be made by simply changing the design parameters.