Feasible Distributed Energy Supply Options for Household Energy Use in China from a Carbon Neutral Perspective

This contribution firstly proposed the concept of annual average power generation hours and analyzed per capita energy consumption, carbon emission, and the human development index from a macro perspective. On this basis, we compared the average household electrical energy consumption of urban and rural residents based on the data from CGSS-2015 from a micro perspective. The results show the positive correlation between carbon emissions per capita and the human development index and China’s regional imbalance characteristics between household electricity consumption and renewable energy distribution. Therefore, the distributed energy supply system is proposed as an effective complement to centralized power generation systems and is the key to synergizing human development and carbon emissions in China. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of distributed energy supply systems in the context of existing energy supply systems, pointing out the need to fully use solar energy and natural gas. Finally, two types of typical distributed energy supply systems are proposed for satisfying the household energy requirements in remote or rural areas of western and the eastern or coastal areas of China, respectively. Two typical distributed energy systems integrate high-efficiency energy conversion, storage, and transfer devices such as electric heat pumps, photovoltaic thermal, heat and electricity storage, and fuel cells.

Methods and equipment for power supply of underwater vehicles

Object and purpose of research. The object of the work is the power supply systems of submersibles. The aim is to assess the characteristics of the submersible energy supply systems and find ways to improve them. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of analytical methods and computer simulation of electromagnetic processes of the systems of energy supply of submersibles. Main results. A comparative assessment of the characteristics of the main systems of energy supply of submersibles has been carried out. New ways and devices powering submersibles, developed methods for calculating these devices. Ways to improve the power supply systems of submersibles are shown. Conclusion. The results of the research allow us to identify ways to further improve the characteristics of the power supply systems of submersibles and to speed up the process of their implementation in practice.

Key features of climate-neutral energy systems for municipalities in different climate zones

The conditions for cities to supply themselves with climate-neutral energy sources vary greatly around the world and depend on many parameters such as the climate, settlement density, intensity of land use, geographical conditions and the economic development stage of the country. Climate-neutral energy system solutions for 7 cities and counties in Europe, Asia and Africa were calculated and compared to identify climate zone-depending patterns for the structures of climate-neutral energy systems. It could be demonstrated that climate zones have a strong influence on the design of climate-neutral energy supply systems, both in terms of renewable energy provision (e.g. solar radiation) and energy consumption (e.g. space heating demand).

The Transition to Energy Efficient Biomass Torrefaction Technology

Torrefaction or low-temperature pyrolysis makes it possible to obtain high-quality solid biofuel from various types of biomass (peat, wood and agricultural waste, various types of biowaste) for the needs of distributed energy. The creation of energy supply systems based on local fuel and energy resources is a priority task for Russian Federation. The article presents the results of research on the development of a new method for energy utilization of biomass by torrefaction.

Determination of features of formation of energy supply systems with the use of renewable energy sources in the transition period

An urgent scientific and practical problem is the formation of energy efficient systems for ensuring climatic conditions in premises based on the use of renewable energy sources. The work has improved the technical and methodological approach to the calculations of energy supply and storage systems when using energy-active fences. The special effectiveness of these fences has been shown in the transitional periods of the year, that is, in spring and autumn. A mathematical model has been developed to reliably predict the process of ensuring temperature comfortable conditions (heat balance) when using nonparametric statistics methods. It will improve the quality of forecasting the effect of external air temperature during the transitional periods of the year. The temperature inside the room is taken into account in the presence of a multilayer energy-active fence. To determine the approach to the use of heat in energy supply systems during the transition period, thermal parameters from the inner and outer sides of the building structure are considered. This makes it possible to take into account changes in the heat transfer of these structures when designing a power supply system and determining the optimal modes of its functioning in various natural conditions. The function of energy-active fences associated with the generation of additional heat into the system, obtained through the conversion of solar radiation energy, is considered. To increase this generation, special multilayer designs of energy-active fencing have been proposed. The proposed thermal modernization with the use of energy-active fences allows, on average, over the cold period of the year, to reduce energy consumption by 3.5 times for industrial and residential buildings

Analyzing the Charging Flexibility Potential of Different Electric Vehicle Fleets Using Real-World Charging Data

A successful transformation of the energy and transportation sector is one of the main targets for our society today. Battery electric vehicles can play a key role in future renewable-based energy supply systems because of their ability to store electrical power. Additionally, they provide significant charging flexibility due to the long parking durations. In this paper, we provide insights into the temporal and power-specific flexibility behavior of three different vehicle fleets. These fleets are pool vehicles of office employees, a public authority, and a logistics company. Several parameters, such as the average charging power per charging event or the average plug-in duration per charging event, are discussed. Additionally, we investigate different charging rates and their impact on the temporal flexibility of the charging events. The data analysis shows that the logistics site has the most homogeneous charging profile as well as high charging flexibility, in contrast to the office and public agency site. The results are of significant importance for future applications in the field of smart charging and ancillary services provision.

Optimal Extraction of Photovoltaic Cell Parameters for the Maximization of Photovoltaic Power Output Using a Hybrid Particle Swarm Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

Avoiding over-dependency on the oil-fired energy supply systems motivates many countries to integrate renewable energy into the existing energy supply systems. Solar Photovoltaic technology forms the most promising option for developing such a cost-effective and sustainable energy supply system. Generally, the current-voltage curve is used in the performance assessment and analysis of the Photovoltaic module. The accuracy of the equations for the curve depends on accurate cell parameters. However, the extraction of these parameters remains a complex stochastic nonlinear optimization problem. Many studies have been carried out to deal with such problem but still more researches need to be carried out to achieve a minimum error and a high accuracy. The existing researches ignored the variation in the meteorological data though it has a significant impact on the problem design. In this study, the Sample Average Approximation was employed to deal with the uncertainty and the hybrid optimization method was used to get the optimal parameters. The results showed that the Hybrid PSO-GWO produced the most optimal solution: Series resistance (1.4623), Shunt resistance(215.0000), Ideal diode factors (n1 = 0.9500, n2 = 1.6500) with a maximum PV power of 59.850W. The methodology produced realistic results since the variability is dealt with and the Hybrid PSO-GWO finds the optimal solution at a higher convergence rate.

A Methodological Approach to Assessing the Possible Effect of Distributed Generation Expansion on Regional Energy Supply Systems

One of the new challenges arising from the transition of the energy industry to the path of intelligent development is to assess the effect of distributed generation (DG) on the prospects for the development of regional energy supply systems. Such an assessment requires that the factors characterized by high uncertainty be taken into account. In this case, it is expedient to employ a combination of the optimization method with the Monte Carlo method. Such an approach has already been adopted in a model (computer program) developed at the Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This model is designed to determine the rational mix of new power plants (with investment risks assessed and factored in) and the likely cost of electricity generation in a given aggregated region. We propose using this model as a source of projected data for an approximate assessment of the DG expansion, given the projected conditions for the energy sector and electric power industry development. It may also provide the basis for an array of research tools for relevant studies. The new toolkit requires a more detailed representation of the administrative division and the inclusion of consumers with their sources of electric power generation in the generating capacity. Although such an estimate is approximate, it can give an overall idea of the extent to which the cost and demand for electricity may vary under different options for the DG expansion in a region.