Mythological Consciousness as a Form of Social Consciousness

The main purpose of the article is to explain the actual role of mythological consciousness in the mod- ern spiritual life of society, thereby overcoming the generally sceptical, if not negative, attitude towards mythologisation in modern social science. The subject of the article is nature and forms of mythological consciousness. The authors? premise is that rather than being a collection of myths, mythological consciousness is an independent way of spiritual penetration into the world, the transformation of the sensually perceivable and the sign-symbolical reality into an inseparable whole. Mythological consciousness is interpreted as an immanent component of social consciousness. A special role is assigned to the centres of mythological consciousness, in which its nature is encoded. Mythologemes, archetypes and mentality are kinds of a link between social consciousness and social unconsciousness. By revealing the mythological nature of ideas, values, images, symbols, and signs as unavoidable forms through which worldview mindsets and conceptual pillars of modern science are formed, we find ways to unleash their true intellectual and spiritual potential. The final result of the article is the validity of the statement that the ideological structure of modern so- cial thought is its mythological component.

Constrained Citizens? Ideological Structure and Conflict Extension in the US Electorate, 1980–2016

Past the half-century mark of Converse's (1964) field-defining essay, the nature of political ideology in the mass public and how it has changed in response to partisan polarization remains enigmatic. To test the ideological structure of US public opinion, I develop and implement a Bayesian dynamic ordinal item response theory model. In contrast to static scaling procedures, this method allows for changes in the mappings between issue attitudes and the underlying ideological dimension over time. The results indicate that over the last forty years, mass attitudes on a range of long-standing policy controversies better fit a unidimensional ideological structure. As among elites, the left–right dimension has come to encompass a wide range of policy, partisan, and value divides in the mass public. Further, these trends hold for voters at all levels of political sophistication. Widespread conflict extension appears to be a defining feature of mass polarization in contemporary US politics.

TABLIGHI MOVEMENT OF 20TH CENTURY: SIX PRINCIPLES

Tablighi Jamaat is one of the most prominent and most widespread Islamic missionary movements of 20th century Islam. It’s active today almost in every country wherever Muslims live. The organization is said to be having a presence in between 150 to 200 countries, with its estimated adherents numbering between twelve million to one hundred fifty million, the majority of which are living in South Asia. It primarily focuses on making Muslims better and purer Muslims. When they visit a village or any place, they invite local people to assemble in a mosque and present their message in the form of six principles. These six principles are commonly called “chai baati’’ (six talks) in Tablighi circles. These six principles are: Kalimah ‘Article of Faith’, Salah ‘Prayers’, Ilm and Zikr ‘Knowledge and Remembrance of God’, Ikraam-i-Muslim ‘Respect for Muslim’, Ikhlas-e-Niyyat, ‘Sincerity of Intention’ and Tafrigh-i-waqt ‘Sparing of time in tabligh (preaching)’. These six principles are fundamental to the teachings of ‘Tablighi Jamaat’ and represent the basic ideological structure of the Tablighi Movement. KEY WORDS: Tablighi Jamaat, Six Principles, Preaching, Muslims.

The Ideological Structure of Municipal Non-Ideology

This paper explores the structure of elite disagreement about the ideological or nonideological character of municipal politics. I propose two possible relationships between a representative’s own ideology and their beliefs about the character of municipal politics: an “ends-against-the-middle” pattern, in which ideologues on the left and right embrace an ideological vision of municipal politics, whereas moderates insist that municipal politics is not ideological; and an “asymmetric visions” pattern, in which individuals on the left endorse an ideological view of municipal politics and those on the right oppose it. I use new survey data from more than 800 mayors and councillors in Canada to assess these possible relationships. While both are supported by the data, the asymmetric visions pattern is the stronger of the two: the nonideological view of municipal politics is most firmly embraced by municipal politicians of the moderate right, while the ideological vision is most common among representatives on the left. This pattern, I argue, is in keeping with a century of municipal political history and should be incorporated into our theories of municipal elections, representation, and policy disagreement.

LITERATURE AS CULTURAL ECOLOGY: A CULTURAL ECOLOGICAL STUDY ON EMERSON AND WHITMAN

This article is intended to find out how a cultural ecological reading is possible for the selected poems of Emerson and Whitman who are considered as the leading figures of the nineteenth century American Renaissance, the artistic spirit which has flourished between the 1830s-1860s in the wake of the Romantic movement. Transcendentalism in America, as a projection of English Romanticism and Christian Unitarianism interprets the organic interaction in-between man, nature and god. Giving the earliest examples of Transcendentalist nature-writing, Emerson and Whitman are open for a cultural-ecological reading because cultural ecology as a new direction in ecocriticism, brings together ecology and aesthetics, nature and man, environment and literature, language and culture in other words human and non-human universes. As an inter-disciplinary theory developing in a dynamic way, cultural ecology, according to Zapf, “can be described as the interrelation of three major discursive functions such as the ‘culture-critical metadiscourse,’ ‘an imaginative counter-discourse,’ and a ‘reintegrative interdiscourse’” (Zapf 2016: 96). In the first model, the artistic work is analyzed to reveal the workings of an oppressive ideological structure and dogmatic values of the society whereas the second one points out the representations of otherness and marginalization within a text and finally last one tries to exemplify the co-evolution of both models in searching for the “transformative role of literature” within “eco-semiotic” discourse. In that sense, this article intends to find out how the poetic examples of Emerson and Whitman fit into the triadic model of cultural ecology. The argument proceeds through the illustration of Zapf’s triadic model in Emerson’s “Hamatreya,” and Whitman’s “The Splendid, Silent Sun.”

METHODICAL APPROACHES TO COMPLEX SANITARY AND HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF WELDING TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS BASED ON MATHEMATICAL MODELING

The purpose of this article is to develop methodological approaches to a complex sanitary and hygienic assessment of welding materials based on modern methods of mathematical modeling. An ideological structure of a computerized database is proposed, which would allow to collect and edit data on welding materials and welding modes, to systematize them, as well as to display the necessary user information on the screen by processing various requests. The complex of harmful and dangerous factors accompanying welding processes is analyzed. The method of mathematical modeling of the dependence of the intensity of welding aerosol release on the set of technological factors is given and the necessity of its improvement is argued. The urgency of creating an information-analytical system of complex sanitary assessment of welding materials for the selection of optimal, from a hygienic point of view, welding technologies is substantiated. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing developments of information-analytical systems of managerial decision-making in the welded production are given. The structure and conceptual aspects of creating a new database for the computer system of information support of complex sanitary and hygienic assessment of welding technologies and materials, in accordance with modern requirements of the standard DSTU ISO 15011- 4: 2008.

ARTIST BOOK IN THE CONTEXT OF RELATIONSHIP OF GRAPHIC DESIGNER AND AUTHOR

The book is an object that has been intertwined with man for centuries, transferring knowledge and thought. It has been shaped with the possibilities brought by the age in every period of history, its form and structure has changed. The ideological structure, understanding of art and culture of the period also contributed to the evolution of the book. However, the book has always been the object that conveys the writer's thought. With the developing technological developments, production increased and new branches of profession were needed. The graphic designer formed in line with this need has become the person who shapes the form and form of the book. The art movements and ideological thinking infrastructure offered by the 20th and 21st centuries have also influenced graphic designers. In this context, it also changed the role of the designer. Now the designer has reached the position of the person who not only conveys the thought demanded by the customer but also presents his own world view with the product created. Within the scope of the research, the development of the book over the centuries has been evaluated. The effects of the author and graphic designer who constructed the book on book design were discussed. In the last chapter, the subject of the designer as a writer is examined with examples. Keywords: Book, book object, design as author

Politization of Fictitious

The article is devoted to an important phenomenon — political fiction as a kind of an ideological construction analogue. Fiction has deepened the fantasy traits of an ideological structure. Irrespective of its imaginary character, it can produce a real impact on political and other social processes. Fictitious politics flourished during the French revolution and got consolidated in the era of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes.

Ideological Structure and Membership in International Institutions

This chapter shows that ideological divisions shape how states sort into intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). During the Cold War, communist states for the most part stayed out of the core IGOs that defined the liberal order. Since the end of the Cold War, states all over the ideological spectrum have joined IGOs, but there has been considerable ideological sorting into IGOs and alliances. Global ideological orientations have implications for economic, cultural, human rights, security, and other issues. Thus, positioning on an ideological dimension can shape sorting into a wide variety of institutions. The chapter then compares the implications of the spatial approach to an alternative way of conceptualizing and measuring the structure underlying IGO memberships: network analysis.