scholarly journals Pragmatic marker i pray in middle english written monuments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Merkuryeva
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Fixed Composition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
Linguistic Material

The article deals with the variations of predicative pragmatic marker I pray yow / thee. The linguistic material is taken from the texts that were written in XIV-XV centuries by English authors and created in different genres (plays, ballades, visions, confessions, etc.) containing elements of dialogic speech. It has been found that the marker was not a stiff structure during the period under consideration. The variations of the expression were formed as the result of miscellaneous processes that can be seen in its following features: non-fixed composition of the marker, that can be enlarged (by an adverb here I the pray, a modal verb I wold the pray) and can be reduced (by elision of a object pronoun I preye), non-permanent word order depending on the requirement of a rhyme and preferences of the writer (I þe praye, y pray Þe, preye I thee), the representation of the expression in the sentence as both parenthetical clause and main one (followed by a that-subordinate clause). The peculiarities of the location of the marker in the sentence are discussed. If I pray yow/thee is the only one pragmatic marker in the sentence, it is placed at the beginning or at the end of it. The placement of the parenthetical expression inside the receiving sentence is characteristic of the individual style of the author and is not common. If the expression is combined with other markers, predicative and non predicative, there are two variants of their localization in the sentence: «pointwise», when several markers are concentrated at the beginning or at the end of the construction, and «framework», when phatic parts are located in ante- and postposition of the markers receiving sentence.

scholarly journals Pragmatic Marker I Pray in Early Modern English

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Merkuryeva
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Word Order ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Linguistic Material

Te article deals with the sentences that contain pragmatic marker I pray you / thee and its variants as a parenthetical clause. Te linguistic material for synchronic analysis is taken from the texts of the plays written by the English authors during the 16−17th centuries. Te examination of the lexicalgrammatical and stylistic characteristics of the structures under analysis shows that the greatest variety of the marker forms is achieved at the beginning of the period under consideration. Te following processes are seen to be the sources of the diversity: the increase of expression by means of an adverb (now, still, hartyly) or a modal verb, the change of the pronunciation of the constituent words followed by modifcations of their representation in the text (comes into I prythee with variants prithee, pr’ythee), the elimination of subject and / or object (resulting in the forms pray, pray you, I pray). Towards the end of the period under consideration, in the second half of the 17th century, the diversity of the variants of the marker decreases, predominantly the following structures continue to exist: I pray, pray and I prythee. Te parenthetical clause is studied in diachrony as well. Te forms of the marker constituents, the peculiarities of the marker word order, the position of the clause in the sentences, the combination with other pragmatic markers are compared with the sentences from the texts of the 14−15th centuries.

Bacon's "Envy": An Evaluation of Punctuation

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Style

Punctuation plays a pivotal role in enhancing the comprehensibility of a text. It not only abolishes ambiguity from the text but also adorns the individual style of the author. This paper analyses Bacon’s essay “Envy” evaluating the aberrant use of punctuation to understand its impact on the holistic comprehension of the essay. Bacon has deviated in some punctuation marks in different situations. Most deviations occur in the use of the comma and the semicolon. The least deviations occur in the use of the period. Two explanations may be inferred from the analysis: First, what seems to be deviant in this regard was normal in his time; second, he deviates on purpose to make the long, complex sentence clear and easy for the reader.

Semantic and stylistic aspects of using geographical vocabulary in Emily Dickinson’s verse

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
В. В. Колівошко ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emily Dickinson ◽  
Unique Color ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Empirical Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Individual Style

This article reports a study according to the tenets of empirical methodology in addressing research questions. The project tests the principles of using geographical vocabulary in Emily Dickinson’s verse. It focuses on the study of stylistic and semantic aspects of the usage of geographical vocabulary. The results demonstrate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the usage of geographical vocabulary. Emily Dickinson’s poems are full of geographical names, which she uses with both positive and negative connotations. As we can see, the negative connotations prevail. The results point out how Emily Dickinson manipulates geographical names at all levels of the language. In addition, the findings indicate specific color gamma of Emily Dickinson’s poems. The use of colors is different for each geographical object; especially it applies to the names of countries, towns etc. Emily Dickinson associates every continent with its own unique color. These findings demonstrate the individual style of Emily Dickinson, which is distinctive among other poets.

Word Order in Old and Middle English

Diachronica ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Major Parameter ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mixed Systems

In the history of English one finds a mixture of V2 and non-V2 word order in declaratives for several hundred years, with frequencies suggesting a relatively gradual development in the direction of non-V2. Within an extended version of a cue-based approach to acquisition and change, this paper argues that there are many possible V2 grammars, differing from each other with respect to clause types, information structure, and the behavior of specific lexical elements. This variation may be formulated in terms of micro-cues. Child language data from present-day mixed systems show that such grammars are acquired early. The apparent optionality of V2 in the history of English may thus be considered to represent several different V2 grammars in succession, and it is not necessary to refer to competition between two major parameter settings. Diachronic language development can thus be argued to occur in small steps, reflecting the loss of micro-cues, and giving the impression that change is gradual.

PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF AUTHOR’S AND TRANSFORMED PHRASEOLOGIES IN THE WORK OF CARLOS RUIZ ZAFÓN «THE PRISONER OF HEAVEN»

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Bovsunivska A. Yu.
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Textual Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
Individual Style

The article is devoted to the study of pragmatic aspects of the use of phraseology in the textual space of Carlos Ruiz Safón’s novel «Prisoner of Heaven». One of the defining features of the individual style of this well-known modern Spanish writer is the metaphoricity and figuration of aristic expression, the saturation of the text with phraseological units that play a significant role in creating a pragmatic charge of the work of art. Along with general linguistic phraseological units, which include commonly-used vocabulary, the author uses dialectal and authorial phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. All three designated groups of phraseological units mostly reflect the negative psychophysical and emotional state of the characters. The author uses dialectal, individually-authorial and modified phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. It is determined that transformation is one of the most productive and most effective ways to update linguistic means in works of art. Author’s modification of FU leads to a change in the semantics and structure of expression, gives it a more expressive or emotional coloring. Transformed phraseology is limited to individual usage and is subject to the context of the work. Modified FUs in the Zafón’s artistic space acquire certain aesthetic and artistic qualities. Their modification is mainly to create the desired stylistic effect – to achieve emotional or expressive expression, which increases the reader’s interest, focuses on the content, issues of the work, as well as reveals the potential expressive potential of the Spanish language. In the transformed FUs, not just a new meaning is traced, but a combination of the well-known and the occasional. The unique combination of different types of phraseological units in the novel is considered a manifestation of individual style and makes a representation of the individually-authorial linguistic picture of the world more expressive.

scholarly journals Means of Lexical Representation of Spatial Continuum in Early Stories of I. A. Bunin

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
M. A. Dubova ◽  
N. A. Larina
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Wrong Side ◽  
The World ◽  
Representation Of Space ◽  
World Modeling ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Linguistic Material ◽  
Spatial Continuum

The question of ways of creating a spatial continuum in the early stories of I. A. Bunin “On the wrong side”, “On the farm” and “On the Donets”, united by a single principle of nomination and included in the first book of the writer’s prose “To the end of the world” (1897) is considered in the article. The semantics of the title actualizes the spatial component of the author’s linguistic picture of the world, which determined the path of linguistic and stylistic analysis of the linguistic material of stories. The authors pay special attention to the means of lexical representation of space as one of the basic linguo-cognitive categories. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the language material has been identified, systematized and described, which makes it possible to determine the individual author's characteristics in the creation of the spatial continuum of I. A. Bunin’s early stories. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the problems of cognitive linguistics. On the basis of statistical, descriptive and linguo-cognitive methods of analysis, the authors identify and describe the means of lexical representation of the spatial model created in the stories of I. A. Bunin, which is characterized by a clear structuredness and individuality of the author’s approach. In the course of the study, the authors come to conclusions that make it possible to characterize the features of the construction of space in the early stories of the writer, taking into account the individual characteristics of the author's world modeling, and also to analyze the linguistic parameters of the idiostyle of I. A. Bunin.

scholarly journals Semantico-Functional Features of Expressive Derivatives in the Artistic Discourse of V. Makanin

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S.Volskaya ◽  
Olga A. Chupryakova ◽  
Svetlana S. Safonova ◽  
Gulnaz T. Karipzhanova
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Abstract Feature ◽  
Individual Style

The paper is devoted to the study of semantic and functional features of expressive derivatives, both usual and occasional, in the artistic gist of the novel “Asan” by V. Makanin, as well as their role in structuring the individual-author’s linguistic picture of the world. It has been proven that the derivation of expressive lexemes is the result of improvisation according to established patterns, and that the formation of occasional substantives, adjectives and verbs involved the main methods of the Russian word derivation. It is noted that in the artistic discourse of V. Makanin, in the substantive word-formation, suffixation plays a leading role, which takes place in the sphere of abstractness and includes such lexical-semantic groups as expressive substantives with the meaning of a person, expressive substantives with the meaning of abstracted action or an abstract feature with connotation, as a rule, negative and/or reduced colloquial connotation. While in the sphere of adjectival and verbal word formation, confixation and prefixation, as the formation of expressiveness, is most productive. The paper considers the phenomenon of semantic word formation, describes the formation of semantic derivatives, including in the field of occasional vocabulary. Expressive derivatives in the artistic discourse of V. Makanin are a bright sign of his individual style, an important means of expressing the world view and outlook of the writer.  

scholarly journals Self-regulation as a way to prevent professional burnout of teachers of higher education institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 00086
Author(s):  
I.F. Timerbulatov ◽  
I.R. Khabibullina ◽  
G.F. Tulitbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Professional Burnout ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Style

This article is devoted to the study of the issues of identifying the optimal working conditions of a teacher of a higher educational institution and the significant characteristics of the style of his activity (in particular, the peculiarities of the style of self-regulation) allows us to identify the factors that prevent the development of professional burnout. The significance of the work also lies in the possibility of using the results of the study both in the process of preventing professional burnout of teachers, and in conducting scientific research on such topics. The research materials can become the basis for educational work. In this regard, an experimental study is becoming relevant, the purpose of which is to study the influence of professional burnout on the individual style of pedagogical activity of a higher school teacher.

Foregrounding of subordinate clauses by word order: Psycholinguistic evidence of the function of V>Adv (V2) word order in Danish

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-273
Author(s):  
Marie Herget Christensen ◽  
Tanya Karoli Christensen ◽  
Torben Juel Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Clause Complex

AbstractIn modern Danish, main clauses have the word order X>Verb>Adverb (i. e., V2) whereas subordinate clauses are generally characterized by the “subordinate clause” word order Subject>Adverb>Verb. Spoken Danish has a high frequency of “main clause” word order in subordinate clauses, however, and in the article we argue that this “Main Clause Phenomena” (cf. Aelbrecht et  al. 2012) functions as a foregrounding device, signaling that the more important information of the clause complex is to be found in the subordinate clause instead of in its matrix clause.A prediction from the foregrounding hypothesis is that a subordinate clause with Verb>Adverb word order will attract more attention than a clause with Adverb>Verb word order. To test this, we conducted an experiment under the text change paradigm. 59 students each read 24 constructions twice, each containing a subordinate clause with either Verb>Adverb or Adverb>Verb word order. Half of the subordinate clauses were governed by a semifactive predicate (open to both word orders) and the other half by a semantically secondary sentence (in itself strongly favoring Verb>Adverb word order). Attention to the subordinate clause was tested by measuring how disinclined the participants were to notice change of a word in the subordinate clause when re-reading it.Results showed significantly more attention to Verb>Adverb clauses than to Adverb>Verb clauses (though only under semifactive predicates), and more attention to subordinate clauses under semantically secondary than semifactive predicates. We consider this as strongly supporting the hypothesis that Verb>Adv word order functions as a foregrounding signal in subordinate clauses.

Folk and author’s fairy tales in the aspect of linguistic consciousness

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
Anatoliy L. Sharandin ◽  
Yixin Li
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Folk Poetry ◽  
Individual Style

The analysis of the problem of the relationship among folk, authors’ folk and authors’ literary tales with linguistic consciousness types is presented. The analysis results indicate that the texts of fairy tales are linguistic representatives of creative (artistic) consciousness and correlate with types of concepts. Folk tales reflect the creative potential of everyday consciousness and represent the folklore concept. Authors’ folk tales are interpretative tales that reflect the syncretic (collective and individual, folk and author’s) consciousness and implement the folklore and literary concept. The literary fairy tale itself is a textual representative of its author’s individual artistic consciousness and the reached artistic concept. It is important to take the form of fairy tales’ household into account – oral (folk tales) and written (author’s literary tales), their relationship with the subject (storyteller or author) and focus on the object (listener or reader). This determines the variability and non-variability of fairy tales. Types of linguistic consciousness are associated with the language: in folklore tales, folk language that is not processed by masters is used, in author’s tales, literary language that implements an individually authors’ system of language means is used. In folk tales, traditional folk poetry is presented, in author’s tales – traditionally artistic and artistic poetics. The individual style of folk tales is traditional for folklore and the individual style of literary tales is individually authors’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document