Regional Seafloor Topography by Extended Kalman Filtering of Marine Gravity Data without Ship-Track Information

An iterative Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approach is proposed to recover a regional set of topographic heights composing an undersea volcanic mount by the successive combination of large numbers of gravity measurements at sea surface using altimetry satellite-derived grids and taking the error uncertainties into account. The integration of the non-linear Newtonian operators versus the radial and angular distances (and its first derivatives) enables the estimation process to accelerate and requires only few iterations, instead of summing Legendre polynomial series or using noise-degraded 2D-FFT decomposition. To show the effectiveness of the EKF approach, we apply it to the real case of the bathymetry around the Great Meteor seamount in the Atlantic Ocean by combining only geoid height/free-air anomaly datasets and using ship-track soundings as reference for validation. Topography of the Great Meteor seamounts structures are well-reconstructed, especially when regional compensation is considered. Best solution gives a RMS equal to 400 m with respect to the single beam depth observations and it is comparable to RMS obtained for ETOPO1 of about 365 m. Larger discrepancies are located in the seamount flanks due to missing high-resolution information for gradients. This approach can improve the knowledge of seafloor topography in regions where few echo-sounder measurements are available.

Identification of Subsurface Rock Structure of Non-Volcanic Geothermal Systems Based on Gravity Anomalies (Terak Village, Central Bangka Regency)

Geothermal manifestations on Bangka Island are found in the villages of Terak, Pemali, Sungailiat/Pelawan, Dendang, Permis, and Nyelanding. The manifestation of hot water in Terak Village, Central Bangka Regency is in the form of 3 hot springs with a surface temperature of 55ᵒC this research is to be carried focus on the structure of the subsurface rock layers using the geophysical method, namely the gravity method. The data used are topography and Free Air Anomaly. The data processing is in the form of Bouguer Correction and Terrain Correction to obtain the Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) value. Then the CBA value is separated from regional anomalies and residual anomalies using the upward continuation method, as well as 2D modeling interpretation (forward modeling). From the research results, it is known that the subsurface rock structure of the non-volcanic geothermal system in Terak Village in the form of sandstone (2.28 – 2.49 gr/cm3) at a depth of 0 – 1.44 km is estimated as caprock, granite (2.77 – 2.78 gr/cm3) at a depth of 0 – 1.8 km is estimated as reservoir rock, and diorite rock (2.87 – 2.99 gr/ cm3) at a depth of 0 – 2 km is estimated as basement rock.

Preliminary Study of Probolinggo Active Fault in East Java Based on Gravity Method

The Gravity Method based on TOPEX satellite data is a one of geophysical method which from satellite observations. The gravity method investigate the gravitational field from one to another observation point. The principle of this method has the ability to distinguish the mass material density from its environment, so that the subsurface structure can be identified. In this research, gravity method is used to identify subsurface structures that are suspected of Probolinggo Fault and identify the rock lithology. From TOPEX we get free air anomaly and then applied the correction process to obtain Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) value. The CBA value is processed interpolation to create CBA map, and then the map is filtered by butterworth to obtain regional and residual maps. The value of high gravity acceleration is 0.076 - 19.74 mGal indicating compact rocks. Meanwhile, based on the residual anomaly map, the value of smaller gravity acceleration is -0.92 - 0.9 mGal indicates lower compacting rocks with smaller mass. The gravity acceleration contrast on the residual anomaly, on the north side of fault line (0.12 mGal to 0.45 mGal) and on the south side (-0.92 mGal to -0.043 mGal), is interpreted as normal fault. Furthermore, 3D modelling shows density value less than 2 gr/cm3 we can interpret as pyroclastic fall, in between 2 gr/cm3 until 2.4 gr/cm3 is sandstone and more than 2.4 gr/cm3 is igneous rock such as andesit. 2D slicing modelling show presence the shear fault, so we can suspect this area have oblique fault with west-east direction.

Subsurface geological model of Malay basin using free air anomaly

The aim of gravity survey is to assist in the detection and delineation of subsurface geological features such as salt domes and faults. In this study, free air anomaly (FAA) data was adopted for mapping and modelling process to delineate subsurface geological features and basement depth in Malay Basin. FAA is the measured gravity anomaly after a free air correction is applied, and it is used for elevation correction. The data of FAA in this study is obtained from Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) 2008 released by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)-EGM Development Team. Oasis Montaj software was used in the mapping and modelling process whereby the base map which constructed by the Oasis Montaj is used to form the FAA map of Malay Basin. Typically, the positive anomaly is associated with the high-density intrusion at the base of the crust, while in contrast (negative anomaly), it is related to the sedimentary basin in the upper crust. On top of that, the regional-residual anomaly, total horizontal derivative (THD) and 3D Euler Deconvolution enhanced maps were produced and interpreted to acquire comprehensive insight of subsurface geological features. To conclude, this study showed 5% deviation as compared to previous reported works and the deepest basement depth encountered is 14.5 km.

GRAVIMETRIC GEOID MODELLING OVER PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING TWO DIFFERENT GRIDDING APPROACHES FOR COMBINING FREE AIR ANOMALY

We investigate the use of the KTH Method to compute gravimetric geoid models of Malaysian Peninsular and the effect of two differing strategies to combine and interpolate terrestrial, marine DTU17 free air gravity anomaly data at regular grid nodes. Gravimetric geoid models were produced for both free air anomaly grids using the GOCE-only geopotential model GGM GO_CONS_GCF_2_SPW_R4 as the long wavelength reference signal and high-resolution TanDEM-X global digital terrain model. The geoid models were analyzed to assess how the different gridding strategies impact the gravimetric geoid over Malaysian Peninsular by comparing themto 172 GNSS-levelling derived geoid undulations. The RMSE of the two sets of gravimetric geoid model / GNSS-levelling residuals differed by approx. 26.2 mm. When a 4-parameter fit is used, the difference between the RMSE of the residuals reduced to 8 mm. The geoid models shown here do not include the latest airborne gravity data used in the computation of the official gravimetric geoid for the Malaysian Peninsular, for this reason they are not as precise.

Geological Structure Analysis of Satellit Gravity Data in Oil and Gas Prospect Area of West Aceh-Indonesia

Estimation of the subsurface geological structures in oil and gas prospect area of West Aceh has been done by utilizing gravity field anomaly of satellite gravity data. This research aim to analyze satellite gravity data in order to get geological features which is include deep and shallow structure or fault around oil and gas prospect area in West Aceh. The satellite gravity data is originally provided as Free Air Anomaly and should be corrected to get Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA). Furthermore, CBA was transformed into a horizontal plane and corrected from regional anomalous effects to obtain residual anomaly, horizontal and vertical derivative. From CBA, the gravity anomaly show good correlation with geological boundaries on different rock formation and the anomaly is decrease from NE-SW. Residual anomaly also gives same information with CBA but this anomaly focus on shallow structure. Furthermore, horizontal derivative and vertical derivative also show good correlation with geological structure or fault but in some areas the anomaly related with deep structure cannot be seen on the surface or geological map. Despite the result cannot correlate directly with oil and gas prospect area, satellite gravity can be used to identify gravity anomaly and also fault that related with hydrocarbon anomaly area

Gravity satellite data analysis for subsurface modelling in Mount Merapi-Merbabu, Java, Indonesia

Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu are active volcanoes that lies in Java Island. Java island is part of Indonesia region. This island was subduction product of Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates, caused the island consist of many volcanoes. A regional gravity study was carried out over Mt. Merapi-Merbabu by TOPEX/Poseidon satellite data. The data was corrected by free air correction and become free air anomaly. Then, that anomaly was corrected by Bouguer and Terrain corrections, become Complete-Bouguer Anomaly. This study present subsurface density model beneath Mt. Merapi and Merbabu to identify the magma chamber.

INTERPRETASI BAWAH PERMUKAAN GUNUNG ANAK RANAKAH DENGAN PEMODELAN DUA DIMENSI (2D) BERDASARKAN DATA ANOMALI GRAVITASI LOKAL

ABSTRAK Penelitian geofisika dengan menggunakan metode gravitasi telah dilakukan di Gunung Anak Ranakah dan sekitarnya di kabupaten Manggarai Nusa Tenggara Timur pada bulan Juni sampai dengan bulan Juli 2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi geologi bawah permukaan daerah penelitian dengan menggunakan data anomali udara bebas dari Sandwell dan Smith 2016. Data tersebut direduksi dengan koreksi atmosfer, koreksi Bouguer Sederhana, dan koreksi kurvatur hingga memperoleh anomali Bouguer Lengkap. Data anomali Bouguer dibawa ke bawah bidang topografi dengan metode kontinuasi ke bawah sedalam 300 m menggunakan program Magpic. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemodelan 2 dimensi menggunakan program Grav2DC. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kondisi geologi bawah permukaan gunung Anak Ranakah dan Sekitarnya didominasi oleh batuan basalt (densitas 2,70 -3.30 ), andesit (densitas 2.4 -2.8 ), dan soil (densitas 1.2 -2.40 ). Kata kunci: Anomali Gravitasi, Pemodelan 2D, Gunung Anak Ranakah ABSTRACT Geophysical research by using the gravity method has been carried out on the Ranakah child mountain and surrounding areas in Manggarai Regency of East Nusa Tenggara in June until July 2016. This research aims to know the condition of the subsurface geology of the area of research using the free air anomaly data from Sandwell and Smith 2016. The data are reduced by atmospheric correction, Simple Bouguer correction, and the correction of curvature to obtain complete Bouguer anomalies. Bouguer anomaly data brought down the field topography with continuation method down as deep as 300 m using the Magpic. Then, 2 dimensional modeling is done using the Grav2DC. The results obtained show that the geological conditions under the surface of the Ranakah Child mountaoin and its surrounding area was dominated by basalt rocks (density of ), andesite (density of ), and soil rocks (density of ). Keywords: Gravity Anomaly, 2D Modelling, Ranakah child Mountain.

Gravity anomaly to identify Walanae fault using second vertical derivative method

<p class="Abstract">Research has been conducted to identify the Walanae Fault, coordinates 4–6 S and 118-120 E using anomalous gravity data. This research uses data measurement of Topography and the Free Air Anomaly from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. Then the authors processed to obtain the bouguer anomalies and made modeling by using the Surfer 10. The authors used the Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) with filter Elkins of Moving Average then analyze the graph of the SVD. The results shows the value of the residual anomaly in the north of fault is 25.21 mGal, in the middle occur range 17.67 mGal to 24.98 mGal and 30,376 mGal in the south of fault. The authors indicates the existence of a difference between the gravity between the Walanae Fault with surrounding geologic. From these results also show that Walanae Fault has a reverse fault mechanism in the northern part and the normal fault mechanism in the middle to the south, the authors conclude that the Walanae Fault is divided into two segments, that is the northern and the southern segment.</p>