Social-Costs Perspective Impacts of Cybercrime in World-Economy, Country-Wise: Policy-Guidance under Piecemeal Approach

Today’s technology-driven human-society(s) country-wise are counted more than ever before where UAE-society is no exception. Tech-users here compete for comparative time-saving options for marginalizing operating costs. It has resulted in huge data usages, a high number of users & devices, which has attracted criminals for taking advantage, which is called cybercrime. Addressing cybercrime, the UAE, like many countries, is not out of control by-laws. However, laws like cybercrime for its society are not always for absolutely eliminating the crime. Thus, besides cybercrime law in place, UAE needs a piecemeal approach in practice where one department may vary from approaches of other-department. With awareness about risky online behaviors & options, tech-users as defenders are needed to invest their efforts. This study has laid out the foundation of the proposal, Akim’s Model-2021, using the Theory of Consumer Choice & Behaviors and Welfare Analysis. Tech-user’s actual utility-received is the sum of utility-received from awareness & own-effort and utility-received from cybercrime-law. Any changes to services received from joint efforts may risk tech-user, to be a victim. Welfare analysis shows tech user's actions - awareness & own-effort, besides cybercrime-law can create, Net Social-gain, which largely depends on tech user's actions. Tech-user’s economic surplus is greater than government expenses for implementation of cybercrime law in UAE. Net-loss to the UAE is the sum of deadweight loss and net-loss to tech producers for underutilized resources.

Health Care Insurance and Moral Hazard

In this article, we discuss how moral hazard affects health care insurance, the social benefit and the harmfulness of moral hazard in health care insurance. We also discuss the relationship between copayment rate and decease risks and indicate that it is necessary to reduce copayment ratio for serious decease in social health care insurance in order to generate social gain. Finally, we carry out sensitivity analysis to illustrate the effect of the change of important parameters on optimal copayment rate.

Do religious beliefs influence concerns for animal welfare? the role of religious orientation and ethical ideologies in attitudes toward animal protection amongst Muslim teachers and school staff in East Java, Indonesia

There is ample research supporting White’s (1967) thesis, which postulates that religion and religious belief inhibit ecological concerns. This study thus seeks to explore the relationship between individuals’ acceptability for harming animals as one representation of ecological concern (measured using Animal Issue scale (AIS)) and their religious belief (measured using Religious Orientation Scale (ROS)) and ethical ideology (measured using Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ)). The study surveyed 929 Muslim teachers and school staff in East Java, Indonesia. We found that ROS correlates with EPQ whereby intrinsic personal (IP) relates with idealism while extrinsic social religious orientation (ES)—where religion is perceived as an instrument for social gain, membership and support—relates with relativism. However, using multiple regression analysis to examine both EPQ and ROS relation to acceptability for harming animals suggests mixed results. We found that, idealism and IP relate to a lower acceptability for harming animals, while relativism and ES correlate to a higher acceptability for harming animals. In another model where we calculate all the main variables with all the demographical and other determinants, we found that only ROS consistently relates to acceptability for harming animals. Additionally, we identify, explain and discuss significant demographic determinants along with this study’s limitations.

Heightened neural sensitivity to social pain and social gain in major depressive disorder.

Social rejection represents a proximal risk factor for depression onset that is thought to activate a neuro-cognitive alarm system for social and physical pain. However, emerging evidence suggests that both social pain and social gain share an overlapping neural substrate. This remains unexplored in the context of depression. Eighteen participants with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 21 controls listened to and vividly revisited autobiographical social experiences in an ecologically valid script-driven imagery paradigm using naturalistic memory narratives. An overlapping neural substrate in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula was activated while revisiting both social-inclusion and -rejection experiences relative to neutral ones. These same regions were more active in MDD compared to controls for both rejection and inclusion narratives. Our findings add to the evidence for an overlapping neural substrate of complex representations for both positive and negative social signals and suggest a heightened neural sensitivity in MDD towards any socially salient information as opposed to selective sensitivity towards negative social experiences.

Estimation of the Potential Benefits of Meningococcal Vaccination in Children at 9 and 12 Months of Age Using a Predictive Mathematical Model

Relevance. To address the issue of including vaccines against meningococcal infection (MI) in the Russian National Immunization Schedule (NIS), convincing arguments must be presented that demonstrate not only epidemiological, but also economic benefits.Aim of this study was conducted to confirm them.Materials & methods. For calculating epidemiological consequences, a dynamic predictive simulation model was constructed to compare the potential epidemiological burden of the disease in the current vaccination scenario (no MI vaccination in the NIS) and a new scenario involving vaccination of children aged 9 and 12 months with the MenACWY-d vaccine. The epidemiological outlook for meningococcal infection was assessed based on the dynamics of the main indicators of its prevalence in the General population that developed in previous years, taking into account the impact of double vaccination of children at 9 and 12 months on the survival period of each age cohort vaccinated in 2019–2034. The aim is to assess the predicted socio-economic consequences for different scenarios: while maintaining the current vaccination algorithm and including in the NIS vaccination against MI of all children aged 9 and 12 months using mathematical modeling.Results and discussion. The greatest impact on reducing the number of clinical cases of the disease will be achieved in the age cohorts 0–1 years (-89%), 1–2 years (-84.5%), 3–6 years (-73.6%). Model calculations show that due to double vaccination of children under one year of age, 571 deaths can be expected to be prevented by 2034, which is equivalent to a reduction in losses of 40,509 years of life ahead and a social gain of 104.7 billion rubles in the monetary equivalent of the cost of these years (cumulative total). At the same time, taking into account the prevented cases of the disease, the total monetary equivalent of the benefits of society will begin to exceed the cost of vaccination earlier than in four years.Conclusions thus, even an underestimated estimate of benefits that does not take into account the total amount of damage prevented (prevention of 571 deaths, loss of 40,509 years of life and 104.7 billion rubles in monetary terms of the cost of years of life to come), indicates the obvious importance of expanding the NIS and including vaccination of children aged 9 and 12 months from meningococcal infection.

Bioproducts characterization of residual periphytic biomass produced in an algal turf scrubber (ATS) bioremediation system

The transformation of residual biomass from bioremediation processes into new products is a worldwide trend driven by economic, environmental and social gain. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential for obtaining bioproducts of technological interest from the remaining periphytic biomass formed during a bioremediation process with an algal turf scrubber (ATS) system installed in a lake catchment. Different methodologies were used according to the target bioproduct. Analyses were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC/DAD), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results demonstrated that the periphytic biomass presented potential since protein (17.7%), carbohydrates (22.4%), total lipids (3.3%) with 3.6 mg mL−1 of fatty acids, antioxidants (144.5 μmol Trolox eq. g−1) and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (1,719.7 μg mL−1, 541.2 μg mL−1 and 317.7 μg mL−1, respectively) were obtained. Inorganic analysis presented a value of 42.3 ± 2.58% of total ash and metal presence was detected, indicating bioaccumulation. The properties found in periphyton strengthen the possibility of its application in different areas, ensuring bioremediation efficiency.

Inducing individuals to engage in a gamified platform for environmental conservation

PurposeThis research draws on goal framing theory and gamification affordance to understand how gamification design encourages users' continuous usage of information systems (IS) to perform proenvironmental behaviors.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data (N = 307) were collected from users of a gamified IS designed for environmental protection. The research model was examined with structural equation modeling.FindingsSatisfying users' demand on green effectiveness, enjoyment, and social gain directly/indirectly predicts users' intention to continue to utilize the gamified IS for proenvironmental behaviors. Moreover, gamification affordance of autonomy support, visibility of achievement, competition, and interactivity influences the satisfaction of the users' relevant demands.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the IS research for environmental sustainability at the individual level. Specifically, this research extends the understanding of users' decision-making on continuance and the role of gamification design in the context of gamified IS developed for environmental conservation.